{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2341162834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2876034.2876049","title":"An Exploration of Automated Grading of Complex Assignments","display_name":"An Exploration of Automated Grading of Complex Assignments","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2341162834","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2876034.2876049","mag":"2341162834"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2876034.2876049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2876034.2876049","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Third (2016) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090089591","display_name":"Chase Geigle","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chase Geigle","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028518494","display_name":"ChengXiang Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6434-3702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ChengXiang Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070690224","display_name":"Duncan C. Ferguson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4970-1604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duncan C. Ferguson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090089591"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3213,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95800325,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"351","last_page":"360"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9610000252723694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.7851438522338867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.756060779094696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.7405743598937988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.6846708059310913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6420862674713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6413262486457825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3444089889526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07180970907211304}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.7851438522338867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.756060779094696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7405743598937988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6846708059310913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6420862674713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6413262486457825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3444089889526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07180970907211304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2876034.2876049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2876034.2876049","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Third (2016) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2783837403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DGE-1144245","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10496484","https://openalex.org/W43048615","https://openalex.org/W214995755","https://openalex.org/W1520074575","https://openalex.org/W1532325895","https://openalex.org/W1563959820","https://openalex.org/W1625728552","https://openalex.org/W1972087783","https://openalex.org/W1976546103","https://openalex.org/W1980896222","https://openalex.org/W1983477653","https://openalex.org/W1999347571","https://openalex.org/W2025595753","https://openalex.org/W2031459112","https://openalex.org/W2041252076","https://openalex.org/W2047221353","https://openalex.org/W2054112493","https://openalex.org/W2056874695","https://openalex.org/W2062914707","https://openalex.org/W2088700588","https://openalex.org/W2108630796","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2122588206","https://openalex.org/W2126344546","https://openalex.org/W2128186735","https://openalex.org/W2147192413","https://openalex.org/W2337971266","https://openalex.org/W2914331073","https://openalex.org/W2953025981","https://openalex.org/W3151947762","https://openalex.org/W4213009331"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W2536018345","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W2296488620","https://openalex.org/W2358353312","https://openalex.org/W2353836703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"grading":[1,21,76,101,147],"is":[2,72,165],"essential":[3],"for":[4,59,124,180],"scaling":[5],"up":[6],"learning.":[7,63],"In":[8],"this":[9,39,163],"paper,":[10],"we":[11],"conduct":[12],"the":[13,82,106,127,143,150],"first":[14,65],"systematic":[15],"study":[16,92],"of":[17,22,52,55,77,88,126,129,145,152],"how":[18,93],"to":[19,37,74,94,104,110,113,141],"automate":[20,75],"a":[23,27,32,42,86,122,134],"complex":[24,57],"assignment":[25],"using":[26,41],"medical":[28],"case":[29],"assessment":[30],"as":[31,108,121,174],"test":[33],"case.":[34],"We":[35,64,90,131],"propose":[36,103,133],"solve":[38],"problem":[40,107],"supervised":[43,62],"learning":[44,109,139],"approach":[45],"and":[46,102,118,148,155,168],"introduce":[47],"three":[48],"general":[49],"complementary":[50],"types":[51],"feature":[53],"representations":[54],"such":[56,78],"assignments":[58,79,112,179],"use":[60,119],"in":[61],"show":[66,161],"with":[67,99,176],"empirical":[68],"experiments":[69],"that":[70,81,162],"it":[71],"feasible":[73],"provided":[80],"instructor":[83],"can":[84,169],"grade":[85],"number":[87],"examples.":[89],"further":[91],"integrate":[95],"an":[96,156],"automated":[97,157],"grader":[98],"human":[100,146,153,172],"frame":[105],"rank":[111],"exploit":[114],"pairwise":[115,136],"preference":[116],"judgments":[117],"NDPM":[120],"measure":[123],"evaluation":[125],"accuracy":[128],"ranking.":[130],"then":[132],"sequential":[135],"online":[137],"active":[138],"strategy":[140,164],"minimize":[142],"effort":[144,173],"optimize":[149],"collaboration":[151],"graders":[154],"grader.":[158],"Experiment":[159],"results":[160],"indeed":[166],"effective":[167],"substantially":[170],"reduce":[171],"compared":[175],"randomly":[177],"sampling":[178],"manual":[181],"grading.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-14T08:43:22.919905","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}