{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2296706733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2872518.2890098","title":"Hoaxy","display_name":"Hoaxy","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2296706733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2872518.2890098","mag":"2296706733"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2872518.2890098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2872518.2890098","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th International Conference Companion on World Wide Web - WWW '16 Companion","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.01511","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063327692","display_name":"Chengcheng Shao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5479-2256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chengcheng Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056583184","display_name":"Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5354-9257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011228873","display_name":"Alessandro Flammini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1670-9156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Flammini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021346979","display_name":"Filippo Menczer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4384-2876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filippo Menczer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063327692"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":146.1404,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":367,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99977806,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"745","last_page":"750"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation","display_name":"Misinformation","score":0.9814709424972534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7554023265838623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fake-news","display_name":"Fake news","score":0.6781939268112183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.6602690815925598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5698772072792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5158690214157104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamics","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","score":0.5074390769004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4203644394874573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.4159354567527771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3652647137641907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.26530754566192627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1357707381248474}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947","display_name":"Misinformation","level":2,"score":0.9814709424972534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7554023265838623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779756789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28549308","display_name":"Fake news","level":2,"score":0.6781939268112183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.6602690815925598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5698772072792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5158690214157104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.5074390769004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4203644394874573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4159354567527771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3652647137641907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.26530754566192627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1357707381248474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2872518.2890098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2872518.2890098","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th International Conference Companion on World Wide Web - WWW '16 Companion","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1603.01511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1603.01511","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.01511","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1603.01511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1603.01511","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.01511","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7099999785423279}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W91442942","https://openalex.org/W142345412","https://openalex.org/W202178741","https://openalex.org/W1493831684","https://openalex.org/W1532503642","https://openalex.org/W1592119576","https://openalex.org/W1604199272","https://openalex.org/W1686065478","https://openalex.org/W1712130609","https://openalex.org/W1775588784","https://openalex.org/W1920307802","https://openalex.org/W2010421807","https://openalex.org/W2029067769","https://openalex.org/W2039222427","https://openalex.org/W2062321610","https://openalex.org/W2072606289","https://openalex.org/W2084591134","https://openalex.org/W2100974526","https://openalex.org/W2115893922","https://openalex.org/W2121001699","https://openalex.org/W2129647236","https://openalex.org/W2130114858","https://openalex.org/W2130354913","https://openalex.org/W2152304674","https://openalex.org/W2164622009","https://openalex.org/W2167366384","https://openalex.org/W2232384272","https://openalex.org/W2251995345","https://openalex.org/W2278635123","https://openalex.org/W2295785353","https://openalex.org/W2323316584","https://openalex.org/W2950796003","https://openalex.org/W3105617092","https://openalex.org/W3121571719","https://openalex.org/W3125182500","https://openalex.org/W4312248975","https://openalex.org/W4312820073","https://openalex.org/W6788767108"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3197131596","https://openalex.org/W4390616380","https://openalex.org/W4388666321","https://openalex.org/W4205914924","https://openalex.org/W4225301003","https://openalex.org/W3093378453","https://openalex.org/W2962981892","https://openalex.org/W3117518059","https://openalex.org/W3173323650"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Massive":[0],"amounts":[1],"of":[2,38,47,62,73,77,93,105,113,116,134,140,188],"misinformation":[3,95,141],"have":[4,174],"been":[5],"observed":[6],"to":[7,34,167,177],"spread":[8],"in":[9,129],"uncontrolled":[10],"fashion":[11],"across":[12],"social":[13,75,171],"media.":[14],"Examples":[15],"include":[16],"rumors,":[17],"hoaxes,":[18],"fake":[19,121,146,191],"news,":[20],"and":[21,50,58,91,96,108,123,181,190],"conspiracy":[22],"theories.":[23],"At":[24],"the":[25,71,74,88,103,106,130,132,163,175,182,186],"same":[26],"time,":[27],"several":[28],"journalistic":[29],"organizations":[30],"devote":[31],"significant":[32],"efforts":[33],"high-quality":[35],"fact":[36,124,155],"checking":[37,156],"online":[39,78,94,169],"claims.":[40],"The":[41],"resulting":[42],"information":[43],"cascades":[44],"contain":[45],"instances":[46],"both":[48,120],"accurate":[49],"inaccurate":[51],"information,":[52],"unfold":[53],"over":[54],"multiple":[55],"time":[56],"scales,":[57],"often":[59],"reach":[60],"audiences":[61],"considerable":[63],"size.":[64],"All":[65],"these":[66],"factors":[67],"pose":[68],"challenges":[69],"for":[70,87],"study":[72],"dynamics":[76,187],"news":[79,122,147,172,192],"sharing.":[80,193],"Here":[81],"we":[82],"introduce":[83],"Hoaxy,":[84],"a":[85,110,114,158],"platform":[86,107],"collection,":[89],"detection,":[90],"analysis":[92,112],"its":[97],"related":[98],"fact-checking":[99,135],"efforts.":[100],"We":[101,126],"discuss":[102],"design":[104],"present":[109],"preliminary":[111],"sample":[115],"public":[117,184],"tweets":[118],"containing":[119],"checking.":[125],"find":[127],"that,":[128],"aggregate,":[131],"sharing":[133],"content":[136],"typically":[137],"lags":[138],"that":[139],"by":[142,150],"10-20":[143],"hours.":[144],"Moreover,":[145],"are":[148],"dominated":[149],"very":[151],"active":[152],"users,":[153],"while":[154],"is":[157],"more":[159],"grass-roots":[160],"activity.":[161],"With":[162],"increasing":[164],"risks":[165],"connected":[166],"massive":[168],"misinformation,":[170],"observatories":[173],"potential":[176],"help":[178],"researchers,":[179],"journalists,":[180],"general":[183],"understand":[185],"real":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":77},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}