{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2336566325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2872427.2883060","title":"Cracking Classifiers for Evasion","display_name":"Cracking Classifiers for Evasion","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2336566325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2872427.2883060","mag":"2336566325"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2872427.2883060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2872427.2883060","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100644627","display_name":"Bin Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4818-7164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78988378","display_name":"Renmin University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/041pakw92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bin Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Renmin University of China, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Renmin University of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026500769","display_name":"Miaoqiang Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78988378","display_name":"Renmin University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/041pakw92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miaoqiang Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Renmin University of China, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Renmin University of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101927208","display_name":"Wei You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1009-6627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78988378","display_name":"Renmin University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/041pakw92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei You","raw_affiliation_strings":["Renmin University of China, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Renmin University of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017405627","display_name":"Wenchang Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5160-1223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78988378","display_name":"Renmin University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/041pakw92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenchang Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Renmin University of China, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Renmin University of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102005519","display_name":"Gang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7219-149X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78988378","display_name":"Renmin University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/041pakw92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Renmin University of China, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Renmin University of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100644627"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.2793,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":67,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98228197,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"345","last_page":"356"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8210716843605042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing","display_name":"Phishing","score":0.8125729560852051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evasion","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","score":0.7394573092460632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.7257581353187561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6862258911132812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5304227471351624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.42083945870399475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-classification","display_name":"Statistical classification","score":0.4162684381008148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.39525270462036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.1957208812236786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1473178267478943}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8210716843605042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.8125729560852051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781251061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416089","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","level":3,"score":0.7394573092460632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.7257581353187561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6862258911132812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5304227471351624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.42083945870399475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.4162684381008148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.39525270462036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.1957208812236786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1473178267478943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2872427.2883060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2872427.2883060","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3805906","https://openalex.org/W9657784","https://openalex.org/W80155331","https://openalex.org/W192036632","https://openalex.org/W1520723331","https://openalex.org/W1522250664","https://openalex.org/W1538186256","https://openalex.org/W1549671385","https://openalex.org/W1590456070","https://openalex.org/W1872818095","https://openalex.org/W1956559956","https://openalex.org/W1966912382","https://openalex.org/W1975595752","https://openalex.org/W1976878954","https://openalex.org/W1985920648","https://openalex.org/W2007657822","https://openalex.org/W2010967033","https://openalex.org/W2014466911","https://openalex.org/W2020726579","https://openalex.org/W2025768430","https://openalex.org/W2028223155","https://openalex.org/W2038296020","https://openalex.org/W2047237187","https://openalex.org/W2049867480","https://openalex.org/W2072128103","https://openalex.org/W2086553822","https://openalex.org/W2088454850","https://openalex.org/W2089103284","https://openalex.org/W2095577883","https://openalex.org/W2096762731","https://openalex.org/W2097860933","https://openalex.org/W2107555749","https://openalex.org/W2112434380","https://openalex.org/W2114296159","https://openalex.org/W2121029939","https://openalex.org/W2122217421","https://openalex.org/W2125908420","https://openalex.org/W2134557905","https://openalex.org/W2135359429","https://openalex.org/W2139565456","https://openalex.org/W2142995284","https://openalex.org/W2144906988","https://openalex.org/W2149929743","https://openalex.org/W2151298633","https://openalex.org/W2158063174","https://openalex.org/W2160289821","https://openalex.org/W2161470437","https://openalex.org/W2161498199","https://openalex.org/W2162552722","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2166179755","https://openalex.org/W2167731287","https://openalex.org/W2293768274","https://openalex.org/W2295731716","https://openalex.org/W2296452361","https://openalex.org/W2325227998","https://openalex.org/W2398729674","https://openalex.org/W2400462880","https://openalex.org/W2532550198","https://openalex.org/W2555331720","https://openalex.org/W3099037876","https://openalex.org/W3103836116","https://openalex.org/W3111818035","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W2149202530","https://openalex.org/W2807822918","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W2921723332","https://openalex.org/W2482950156","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W3157475202","https://openalex.org/W2069475801"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Various":[0],"classifiers":[1,38,48,69,80,131,226,231],"based":[2],"on":[3,35,66,127,178],"the":[4,32,36,44,47,51,57,67,89,99,113,117,134,139,155,179,197,205,215,223],"machine":[5],"learning":[6],"techniques":[7],"have":[8,27],"been":[9],"widely":[10],"used":[11],"in":[12,50,98],"security":[13,45,76,114],"applications.":[14],"Meanwhile,":[15],"they":[16],"also":[17],"became":[18],"an":[19],"attack":[20,124],"target":[21],"of":[22,46,77,142,174,186,217],"adversaries.":[23],"Many":[24],"existing":[25,224],"studies":[26,63],"paid":[28],"much":[29],"attention":[30,58],"to":[31,111,189,213,230],"evasion":[33,152,187],"attacks":[34,188],"online":[37],"and":[39,144,160],"discussed":[40],"defensive":[41],"methods.":[42],"However,":[43],"deployed":[49,97],"client":[52],"environment":[53],"has":[54],"not":[55],"got":[56],"it":[59],"deserves.":[60],"Besides,":[61],"earlier":[62],"only":[64],"concentrated":[65],"experimental":[68],"developed":[70],"for":[71,116,151,196],"research":[72],"purposes":[73],"only.":[74],"The":[75,200],"widely-used":[78],"commercial":[79],"still":[81],"remains":[82],"unclear.":[83],"In":[84],"this":[85],"paper,":[86],"we":[87,136,165,182],"use":[88],"Google's":[90],"phishing":[91,194,206],"pages":[92,195,207],"filter":[93],"(GPPF),":[94],"a":[95,109,122],"classifier":[96],"Chrome":[100],"browser":[101],"which":[102],"owns":[103],"over":[104],"one":[105],"billion":[106],"users,":[107],"as":[108],"case":[110],"investigate":[112],"challenges":[115],"client-side":[118,128,225],"classifiers.":[119],"We":[120],"present":[121],"new":[123],"methodology":[125],"targeting":[126],"classifiers,":[129],"called":[130],"cracking.":[132],"With":[133],"methodology,":[135],"successfully":[137],"cracked":[138,180],"classification":[140,156],"model":[141],"GPPF":[143],"extracted":[145],"sufficient":[146],"knowledge":[147],"can":[148,209],"be":[149,210],"exploited":[150],"attacks,":[153],"including":[154],"algorithm,":[157],"scoring":[158,170],"rules":[159],"features,":[161],"etc.":[162],"Most":[163],"importantly,":[164],"completely":[166],"reverse":[167],"engineered":[168],"84.8%":[169],"rules,":[171],"covering":[172],"most":[173],"high-weighted":[175],"rules.":[176],"Based":[177],"information,":[181],"performed":[183],"two":[184],"kinds":[185],"GPPF,":[190],"using":[191],"100":[192],"real":[193],"evaluation":[198],"purpose.":[199],"experiments":[201],"show":[202],"that":[203,222],"all":[204],"(100%)":[208],"easily":[211],"manipulated":[212],"bypass":[214],"detection":[216],"GPPF.":[218],"Our":[219],"study":[220],"demonstrates":[221],"are":[227],"very":[228],"vulnerable":[229],"cracking":[232],"attacks.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
