{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2399248522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858556","title":"Trigger-Action Programming in the Wild","display_name":"Trigger-Action Programming in the Wild","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2399248522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858556","mag":"2399248522"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2858036.2858556","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858556","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071246801","display_name":"Blase Ur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9365-3155"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Blase Ur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083118840","display_name":"Melwyn Pak Yong Ho","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melwyn Pak Yong Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036874079","display_name":"Stephen Brawner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Brawner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101825086","display_name":"Jiyun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7470-5239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiyun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056975549","display_name":"Sarah Mennicken","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Mennicken","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040536855","display_name":"Noah Picard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noah Picard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056849226","display_name":"Diane Schulze","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diane Schulze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009722403","display_name":"Michael L. Littman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5596-1840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael L. Littman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":39.7421,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":227,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99832102,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3227","last_page":"3231"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13197","display_name":"Spreadsheets and End-User Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13197","display_name":"Spreadsheets and End-User Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9825000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7782751321792603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5630781054496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.5473842024803162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4921504855155945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4462006092071533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-user-development","display_name":"End-user development","score":0.42430901527404785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-user","display_name":"End user","score":0.4086894690990448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.360281765460968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11573168635368347}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7782751321792603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5630781054496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5473842024803162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4921504855155945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4462006092071533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500467","display_name":"End-user development","level":3,"score":0.42430901527404785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91262260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528074","display_name":"End user","level":2,"score":0.4086894690990448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.360281765460968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11573168635368347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2858036.2858556","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858556","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W54943845","https://openalex.org/W138511316","https://openalex.org/W183237210","https://openalex.org/W1522006088","https://openalex.org/W1547971667","https://openalex.org/W1596046736","https://openalex.org/W1663109347","https://openalex.org/W1783722518","https://openalex.org/W1965999033","https://openalex.org/W1966590372","https://openalex.org/W1984315811","https://openalex.org/W1993302775","https://openalex.org/W2016159237","https://openalex.org/W2063918473","https://openalex.org/W2086239403","https://openalex.org/W2092079906","https://openalex.org/W2092591354","https://openalex.org/W2112726785","https://openalex.org/W2123448890","https://openalex.org/W2136553381","https://openalex.org/W2165605851","https://openalex.org/W2396464038"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2070544977","https://openalex.org/W3021529370","https://openalex.org/W2580687408","https://openalex.org/W150630894","https://openalex.org/W2180115676","https://openalex.org/W4298880854","https://openalex.org/W4232733627","https://openalex.org/W1917354991","https://openalex.org/W4231035256","https://openalex.org/W2292047637"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"researchers":[1],"have":[2,88],"long":[3],"investigated":[4],"end-user":[5,83],"programming":[6],"using":[7],"a":[8,26,72,79,94],"trigger-action":[9],"(if-then)":[10],"model,":[11],"the":[12,17,38,65],"website":[13],"IFTTT":[14,32,44,66],"is":[15],"among":[16],"first":[18],"instances":[19],"of":[20,46,61,75,82,98],"this":[21,52],"paradigm":[22],"being":[23],"used":[24],"on":[25,43],"large":[27,73],"scale.":[28],"To":[29],"understand":[30],"what":[31],"users":[33,76,87,108],"are":[34,50,77],"creating,":[35],"we":[36],"scraped":[37],"224,590":[39],"programs":[40,63,92],"shared":[41,89],"publicly":[42],"as":[45],"September":[47],"2015":[48],"and":[49,64],"releasing":[51],"dataset":[53],"to":[54,102],"spur":[55],"future":[56],"research.":[57],"We":[58,70],"characterize":[59],"aspects":[60],"these":[62],"ecosystem":[67],"over":[68],"time.":[69],"find":[71],"number":[74],"crafting":[78],"diverse":[80],"set":[81],"programs---over":[84],"100,000":[85],"different":[86],"programs.":[90,112],"These":[91],"represent":[93],"very":[95],"broad":[96],"array":[97],"connections":[99],"that":[100],"appear":[101],"fill":[103],"gaps":[104],"in":[105],"functionality,":[106],"yet":[107],"often":[109],"duplicate":[110],"others'":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}