{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2406714201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2857053","title":"A Four-Tier Annotated Urdu Handwritten Text Image Dataset for Multidisciplinary Research on Urdu Script","display_name":"A Four-Tier Annotated Urdu Handwritten Text Image Dataset for Multidisciplinary Research on Urdu Script","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2406714201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2857053","mag":"2406714201"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2857053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2857053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306421405","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","issn_l":"2375-4699","issn":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055876182","display_name":"Prakash Choudhary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4337-7273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I265627732","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Manipur","ror":"https://ror.org/00aazk693","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I265627732"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prakash Choudhary","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Technology Manipur, Computer Science and Engineering, Imphal, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Technology Manipur, Computer Science and Engineering, Imphal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I265627732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050462733","display_name":"Neeta Nain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0550-0376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83205935","display_name":"Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/0077k1j32","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83205935"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neeta Nain","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Computer Science and Engineering, Rajasthan, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Computer Science and Engineering, Rajasthan, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83205935"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6629,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7619612,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urdu","display_name":"Urdu","score":0.8717801570892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cursive","display_name":"Cursive","score":0.8146013021469116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8122818470001221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6352986693382263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5862894654273987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scripting-language","display_name":"Scripting language","score":0.48730766773223877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic-script","display_name":"Arabic script","score":0.44789040088653564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.4149984121322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3297756612300873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.32596293091773987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.3041341304779053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.2005797028541565}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777350258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617","display_name":"Urdu","level":2,"score":0.8717801570892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778943297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079418","display_name":"Cursive","level":2,"score":0.8146013021469116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8122818470001221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6352986693382263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5862894654273987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.48730766773223877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777323237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1828555","display_name":"Arabic script","level":3,"score":0.44789040088653564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.4149984121322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3297756612300873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.32596293091773987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.3041341304779053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.2005797028541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2857053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2857053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306421405","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","issn_l":"2375-4699","issn":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8799999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W121443288","https://openalex.org/W133951746","https://openalex.org/W143289143","https://openalex.org/W1595054451","https://openalex.org/W1857185444","https://openalex.org/W1946683543","https://openalex.org/W1964977182","https://openalex.org/W1966312072","https://openalex.org/W1968568012","https://openalex.org/W1970894597","https://openalex.org/W1979638539","https://openalex.org/W1982691792","https://openalex.org/W1982907973","https://openalex.org/W1986709215","https://openalex.org/W2002061894","https://openalex.org/W2007339694","https://openalex.org/W2009781111","https://openalex.org/W2024077020","https://openalex.org/W2034491537","https://openalex.org/W2041725740","https://openalex.org/W2042524007","https://openalex.org/W2048176942","https://openalex.org/W2050497827","https://openalex.org/W2050919685","https://openalex.org/W2068664402","https://openalex.org/W2077863651","https://openalex.org/W2090914336","https://openalex.org/W2092893299","https://openalex.org/W2097785862","https://openalex.org/W2100659887","https://openalex.org/W2110764733","https://openalex.org/W2111300540","https://openalex.org/W2120855160","https://openalex.org/W2123191374","https://openalex.org/W2123772730","https://openalex.org/W2128273046","https://openalex.org/W2133498768","https://openalex.org/W2135743131","https://openalex.org/W2136036030","https://openalex.org/W2138270545","https://openalex.org/W2144351097","https://openalex.org/W2147510700","https://openalex.org/W2149266633","https://openalex.org/W2149872361","https://openalex.org/W2152928267","https://openalex.org/W2155450843","https://openalex.org/W2155896958","https://openalex.org/W2156338447","https://openalex.org/W2156928014","https://openalex.org/W2163237111","https://openalex.org/W2165853248","https://openalex.org/W2169934699","https://openalex.org/W2170589435","https://openalex.org/W2249492248","https://openalex.org/W2277011592","https://openalex.org/W2317324699","https://openalex.org/W2520933715","https://openalex.org/W2545561863","https://openalex.org/W2546033400","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2578027111","https://openalex.org/W2778197116","https://openalex.org/W3098821875"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1876505772","https://openalex.org/W2794478898","https://openalex.org/W3202782598","https://openalex.org/W1493190742","https://openalex.org/W2058178431","https://openalex.org/W2949697310","https://openalex.org/W1985694112","https://openalex.org/W2616807405","https://openalex.org/W2157057015","https://openalex.org/W1996264080"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,190],"article":[1,258],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,67,75,99,179,203],"large":[4],"handwritten":[5,25,35,91,105,123,163,208,225,243],"text":[6,36,106,209,244],"document":[7,71],"image":[8,72,184],"corpus":[9,86,191],"dataset":[10,252],"for":[11,32,70,196,205,212,259],"Urdu":[12,42,85,164,213],"script":[13,60,165],"named":[14],"CALAM":[15,102],"(Cursive":[16],"And":[17],"Language":[18],"Adaptive":[19],"Methodologies).":[20],"The":[21,236],"database":[22],"contains":[23,103],"unconstrained":[24],"sentences":[26],"along":[27],"with":[28,38,152,173],"their":[29,39],"structural":[30],"annotations":[31],"the":[33,44,51,81,120,250,257],"offline":[34],"images":[37,166],"XML":[40,175],"representation.":[41],"is":[43,65,78,127],"fourth":[45],"most":[46],"frequently":[47],"used":[48],"language":[49],"in":[50,80,199,256],"world,":[52],"but":[53],"due":[54],"to":[55,145,161,177],"its":[56,261],"complex":[57],"cursive":[58],"writing":[59],"and":[61,93,112,122,132,150,170,201,224,233,263],"low":[62],"resources,":[63],"it":[64],"still":[66],"thrust":[68],"area":[69],"analysis.":[73],"Here,":[74],"unified":[76],"approach":[77],"applied":[79],"development":[82],"of":[83,96,182,188,207,222,228,239],"an":[84,174],"by":[87,140],"collecting":[88],"printed":[89,223],"texts,":[90,92],"demographic":[94],"information":[95],"writers":[97,143],"on":[98,249],"single":[100],"form.":[101],"1,200":[104],"images,":[107],"3,043":[108],"lines,":[109],"46,664":[110],"words,":[111],"101,181":[113],"ligatures.":[114],"For":[115],"capturing":[116],"maximum":[117],"variance":[118],"among":[119,129],"words":[121],"styles,":[124],"data":[125],"collection":[126],"distributed":[128],"six":[130],"categories":[131],"14":[133],"subcategories.":[134],"Handwritten":[135],"forms":[136],"were":[137],"filled":[138],"out":[139],"725":[141],"different":[142,146,186],"belonging":[144],"geographical":[147],"regions,":[148],"ages,":[149],"genders":[151],"diverse":[153],"educational":[154],"backgrounds.":[155],"A":[156],"structure":[157],"has":[158],"been":[159],"designed":[160],"annotate":[162],"at":[167,185],"line,":[168],"word,":[169],"ligature":[171],"levels":[172,187],"standard":[176],"provide":[178],"ground":[180],"truth":[181],"each":[183],"annotation.":[189],"would":[192],"be":[193],"very":[194],"useful":[195],"linguistic":[197],"research":[198],"benchmarking":[200],"providing":[202],"testbed":[204],"evaluation":[206],"recognition":[210],"techniques":[211,247],"script,":[214],"signature":[215],"verification,":[216],"writer":[217],"identification,":[218],"digital":[219],"forensics,":[220],"classification":[221],"text,":[226],"categorization":[227],"texts":[229],"as":[230],"per":[231],"use,":[232],"so":[234],"on.":[235],"experimental":[237],"results":[238],"some":[240],"recently":[241],"developed":[242],"line":[245],"segmentation":[246],"experimented":[248],"proposed":[251],"are":[253],"also":[254],"presented":[255],"asserting":[260],"viability":[262],"usability.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}