{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2266009670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2839509.2844628","title":"Landscape of K-12 Computer Science Education in the U.S.","display_name":"Landscape of K-12 Computer Science Education in the U.S.","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2266009670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2839509.2844628","mag":"2266009670"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2839509.2844628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2839509.2844628","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2844628&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 47th ACM Technical Symposium on Computing Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2844628&type=pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100693673","display_name":"Jennifer Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-4285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109041924","display_name":"Hai Hong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033323899","display_name":"Jason Ravitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9899-3463"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Ravitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074015574","display_name":"Sepehr Hejazi Moghadam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sepehr Hejazi Moghadam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.557,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":74,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98258602,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"645","last_page":"650"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12515","display_name":"Gender and Technology in Education","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12515","display_name":"Gender and Technology in Education","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12060","display_name":"Child Development and Digital Technology","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.6251646280288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-literacy","display_name":"Computer literacy","score":0.5975879430770874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-education","display_name":"Science education","score":0.5072016716003418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.4865509569644928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.4675746262073517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4360387325286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.36471548676490784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"Medical education","score":0.32688239216804504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.1702025830745697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.13789132237434387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.09710398316383362}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.6251646280288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192531217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q595868","display_name":"Computer literacy","level":2,"score":0.5975879430770874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44877443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2485457","display_name":"Science education","level":2,"score":0.5072016716003418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.4865509569644928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4675746262073517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4360387325286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36471548676490784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.32688239216804504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1702025830745697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.13789132237434387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.09710398316383362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2839509.2844628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2839509.2844628","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2844628&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 47th ACM Technical Symposium on Computing Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2839509.2844628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2839509.2844628","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2844628&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 47th ACM Technical Symposium on Computing Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2266009670.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2266009670.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1773036355","https://openalex.org/W1999863031","https://openalex.org/W2020985469","https://openalex.org/W2033339658","https://openalex.org/W2045148280","https://openalex.org/W2085263771","https://openalex.org/W2101870306","https://openalex.org/W2109450061","https://openalex.org/W2167660558","https://openalex.org/W3004144235"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2628861693","https://openalex.org/W2988363717","https://openalex.org/W3203087560","https://openalex.org/W2568121504","https://openalex.org/W4361279463","https://openalex.org/W4387697615","https://openalex.org/W105296515","https://openalex.org/W2181651859","https://openalex.org/W2251444201"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Through":[0],"surveys":[1],"of":[2,60,100,190,224,231],"1,673":[3],"students,":[4],"1,685":[5],"parents,":[6],"1,013":[7],"teachers,":[8,226],"9,693":[9],"principals,":[10],"and":[11,23,67,77,95,122,125,128,143,172,178,207,218,221],"1,865":[12],"superintendents":[13,208],"across":[14,82],"the":[15,30,196,210,222],"United":[16],"States,":[17],"this":[18,191],"study":[19],"explores":[20],"perceptions,":[21],"access,":[22],"barriers":[24,169,199],"to":[25,39,56,93,118,135,150,158,163,170,200,212,215],"computer":[26,41,45,63,80,96,108,136,153,160,182,202],"science":[27,64,81,109,137,154,161,183,203],"education":[28,184],"at":[29,120],"K-12":[31],"level.":[32],"We":[33],"found":[34],"most":[35,197],"respondents":[36,52],"were":[37,65,146,209],"unable":[38],"distinguish":[40],"literacy":[42],"activities":[43],"from":[44],"science,":[46],"with":[47,110,227],"female,":[48],"Black,":[49],"or":[50,155],"Hispanic":[51,113,141],"even":[53],"less":[54,133,148,229],"likely":[55,149],"do":[57],"so.":[58],"Perceptions":[59],"who":[61],"does":[62],"narrow":[66],"stereotypical":[68],"(White,":[69],"male,":[70],"smart),":[71],"but":[72,112],"there":[73],"was":[74,185,193],"high":[75,186],"value":[76],"demand":[78,180,192],"for":[79,181],"all":[83],"populations,":[84],"particularly":[85],"among":[86],"parents.":[87],"Results":[88],"indicate":[89],"discrepancies":[90],"in":[91,123,139],"access":[92,134,171],"technology":[94,228],"science.":[97],"Over":[98],"75%":[99],"principals":[101,206],"reported":[102,115,132],"their":[103,164],"school":[104,124],"did":[105],"not":[106],"offer":[107],"programming/coding,":[111],"students":[114,127,131,142,145],"lower":[116,129],"exposure":[117],"computers":[119],"home":[121],"Black":[126],"income":[130],"learning":[138],"school.":[140],"female":[144],"also":[147],"have":[151,156],"learned":[152],"confidence":[157],"learn":[159],"compared":[162],"counterparts.":[165],"Finally,":[166],"we":[167],"explored":[168],"identified":[173],"a":[174,232],"harsh":[175],"disconnect:":[176],"parent":[177],"student":[179],"while":[187],"administrators'":[188],"perceptions":[189],"low.":[194],"Additionally,":[195],"common":[198,230],"offering":[201],"cited":[204],"by":[205],"need":[211],"dedicate":[213],"time":[214],"other":[216],"courses":[217],"testing":[219],"requirements":[220],"lack":[223],"qualified":[225],"barrier.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
