{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2280536240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2839509.2844569","title":"Initialization in Scratch","display_name":"Initialization in Scratch","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2280536240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2839509.2844569","mag":"2280536240"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2839509.2844569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2839509.2844569","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2844569&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 47th ACM Technical Symposium on Computing Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2844569&type=pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015650035","display_name":"Diana Franklin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1495-9805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Diana Franklin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166","https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062321464","display_name":"Charlotte Hill","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charlotte Hill","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066393414","display_name":"Hilary A. Dwyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3545-6801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hilary A. Dwyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046001365","display_name":"Alexandria K. Hansen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-3612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandria K. Hansen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001346749","display_name":"Ashley Iveland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5714-7095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashley Iveland","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048420844","display_name":"Danielle B. Harlow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6721-7659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danielle B. Harlow","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015650035"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238","https://openalex.org/I40347166"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":27.8505,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99449406,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"217","last_page":"222"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.972000002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9298999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scratch","display_name":"Scratch","score":0.8690515756607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.8440030217170715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7532398700714111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.7288748025894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum","display_name":"Curriculum","score":0.5889544486999512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spark","display_name":"SPARK (programming language)","score":0.45671525597572327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-transfer","display_name":"Knowledge transfer","score":0.43690943717956543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.41102683544158936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.3750150799751282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3539320230484009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.25714558362960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2325398325920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.13052961230278015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.10918161273002625}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781235140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275131","display_name":"Scratch","level":2,"score":0.8690515756607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.8440030217170715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7532398700714111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.7288748025894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.5889544486999512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781215313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493345","display_name":"SPARK (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.45671525597572327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776960227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2586354","display_name":"Knowledge transfer","level":2,"score":0.43690943717956543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.41102683544158936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3750150799751282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3539320230484009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.25714558362960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2325398325920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.13052961230278015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10918161273002625}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2839509.2844569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2839509.2844569","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2844569&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 47th ACM Technical Symposium on Computing Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2839509.2844569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2839509.2844569","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2844569&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 47th ACM Technical Symposium on Computing Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5161553270","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CE21 Award CNS-1240985","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8941510372","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1240985","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2280536240.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2280536240.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W198790123","https://openalex.org/W1560712035","https://openalex.org/W1571382548","https://openalex.org/W1963557108","https://openalex.org/W1992839463","https://openalex.org/W2009390016","https://openalex.org/W2014072185","https://openalex.org/W2027890252","https://openalex.org/W2030768171","https://openalex.org/W2037149633","https://openalex.org/W2059640080","https://openalex.org/W2101870306","https://openalex.org/W2104242931","https://openalex.org/W2104279103","https://openalex.org/W2108342609","https://openalex.org/W2135503425","https://openalex.org/W2135943618","https://openalex.org/W2143470593","https://openalex.org/W2154306835","https://openalex.org/W2984316103","https://openalex.org/W3004144235","https://openalex.org/W7006534014"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2475116013","https://openalex.org/W2770018148","https://openalex.org/W2358308169","https://openalex.org/W2385135707","https://openalex.org/W2140315382","https://openalex.org/W2059109728","https://openalex.org/W322691623","https://openalex.org/W2494989134","https://openalex.org/W2509444723","https://openalex.org/W4386121542"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,19,39,73,77,89],"growing":[2],"movement":[3],"to":[4,30,33,55,75,137],"use":[5,31],"visual":[6],"block-based":[7],"languages":[8,58],"(VBBLs)":[9],"in":[10,107,130],"elementary":[11],"and":[12,36,86,93,97,122,135,146],"middle":[13],"school":[14],"classrooms,":[15],"questions":[16],"arise":[17],"about":[18],"learning":[20],"outcomes":[21],"of":[22,42,84,102,115],"such":[23],"activities.":[24],"While":[25],"some":[26],"schools":[27],"are":[28,45,118,125],"content":[29],"VBBLs":[32],"spark":[34],"interest":[35],"motivation":[37],"for":[38,120,144],"future":[40],"pursuit":[41],"computing,":[43],"others":[44],"asking,":[46],"\"Does":[47],"this":[48],"early":[49],"exposure":[50],"produce":[51],"knowledge":[52],"that":[53,117,149],"transfers":[54],"traditional":[56],"text-based":[57],"(TBLs)?\"":[59],"If":[60],"transfer":[61],"is":[62],"a":[63,66,108],"goal,":[64],"then":[65],"corollary":[67],"is,":[68],"\"How":[69],"do":[70],"we":[71,111],"design":[72],"transition":[74],"maximize":[76],"transfer?\"":[78],"This":[79],"paper":[80],"focuses":[81],"on":[82,100],"initialization":[83],"state":[85],"variables,":[87],"exploring":[88],"differences":[90],"between":[91],"Scratch":[92],"two":[94],"TBLs:":[95],"C":[96,121],"Java.":[98],"Based":[99],"observations":[101],"9-12":[103],"year":[104],"old":[105],"students":[106],"VBBL":[109],"curriculum,":[110],"identify":[112],"four":[113],"\"pieces":[114],"knowledge\"":[116],"critical":[119],"Java":[123],"but":[124],"not":[126],"nearly":[127],"as":[128],"obvious":[129],"Scratch,":[131],"including":[132],"whether,":[133],"when,":[134],"how":[136],"perform":[138],"initialization.":[139],"We":[140],"conclude":[141],"with":[142],"suggestions":[143],"instruction":[145],"development":[147],"environment":[148],"may":[150],"improve":[151],"transfer.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}