{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1983281383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2818567.2818649","title":"Face Recognition using VLAD and its Variants","display_name":"Face Recognition using VLAD and its Variants","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1983281383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2818567.2818649","mag":"1983281383"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2818567.2818649","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2818567.2818649","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computer and Communication Technology 2015","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035823479","display_name":"A. Vinay","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196608512","display_name":"PES University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m169e78","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196608512"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Vinay","raw_affiliation_strings":["PES University, 100 Feet Ring Road, Bsk 3rd Stage, Bangalore, +91-944956426","PES University, 100 Feet Ring Road, Bsk 3rd Stage, Bangalore, +91-944956426#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PES University, 100 Feet Ring Road, Bsk 3rd Stage, Bangalore, +91-944956426","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196608512"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PES University, 100 Feet Ring Road, Bsk 3rd Stage, Bangalore, +91-944956426#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196608512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035542378","display_name":"Vinay S. Shekhar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196608512","display_name":"PES University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m169e78","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196608512"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vinay S. Shekhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["PES University, 100 Feet Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage, Bangalore, +91-9741767382"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PES University, 100 Feet Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage, Bangalore, +91-9741767382","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196608512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109956861","display_name":"C. Akshay Kumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196608512","display_name":"PES University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m169e78","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196608512"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Akshay Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["PES Institute of Technology, 100 Feet Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage, Bangalore, +91-8197159795"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PES Institute of Technology, 100 Feet Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage, Bangalore, +91-8197159795","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196608512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000705016","display_name":"Avani S. Rao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196608512","display_name":"PES University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m169e78","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196608512"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avani S. Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["PES Institute of Technology, 100 Feet Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage, Bangalore, +91-9916363775"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PES Institute of Technology, 100 Feet Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage, Bangalore, +91-9916363775","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196608512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016154739","display_name":"Gaurav R. Shenoy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196608512","display_name":"PES University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m169e78","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196608512"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaurav R. Shenoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["PES Institute of Technology, 100 Feet Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage, Bangalore, +91-8867089112"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PES Institute of Technology, 100 Feet Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage, Bangalore, +91-8867089112","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196608512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109529933","display_name":"K. N. Balasubramanya Murthy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196608512","display_name":"PES University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m169e78","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196608512"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. N. Balasubramanya Murthy","raw_affiliation_strings":["PES University, 100 Feet Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage, Bangalore, +91-9449807737","PES University, 100 Feet Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage, Bangalore, +91-9449807737#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PES University, 100 Feet Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage, Bangalore, +91-9449807737","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196608512"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PES University, 100 Feet Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage, Bangalore, +91-9449807737#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196608512"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101971909","display_name":"Sayee Natarajan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5872-4152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196608512","display_name":"PES University","ror":"https://ror.org/05m169e78","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196608512"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Natarajan","raw_affiliation_strings":["PES Institute of Technology, 100 Feet Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage, Bangalore, +91-9945280225"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PES Institute of Technology, 100 Feet Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage, Bangalore, +91-9945280225","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196608512"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035823479"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196608512"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1841,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56765267,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"233","last_page":"238"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-invariant-feature-transform","display_name":"Scale-invariant feature transform","score":0.8319433927536011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.721514105796814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6888497471809387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6656050086021423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.616320788860321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5820447206497192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5340669751167297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orb","display_name":"Orb (optics)","score":0.4676873981952667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.46518224477767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.45376718044281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.4285925626754761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregate","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","score":0.4111674427986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.36557766795158386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.14970925450325012}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61265191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q767770","display_name":"Scale-invariant feature transform","level":3,"score":0.8319433927536011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.721514105796814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6888497471809387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6656050086021423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.616320788860321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5820447206497192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5340669751167297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108260229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47023","display_name":"Orb (optics)","level":3,"score":0.4676873981952667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.46518224477767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.45376718044281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.4285925626754761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.4111674427986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.36557766795158386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.14970925450325012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2818567.2818649","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2818567.2818649","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computer and Communication Technology 2015","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1549083695","https://openalex.org/W1592735956","https://openalex.org/W1627400044","https://openalex.org/W1677409904","https://openalex.org/W1881452810","https://openalex.org/W1977556410","https://openalex.org/W1980867644","https://openalex.org/W1994252095","https://openalex.org/W2008056655","https://openalex.org/W2019085623","https://openalex.org/W2020867825","https://openalex.org/W2041406732","https://openalex.org/W2069147529","https://openalex.org/W2089468765","https://openalex.org/W2101231430","https://openalex.org/W2103924867","https://openalex.org/W2105516263","https://openalex.org/W2117228865","https://openalex.org/W2118312744","https://openalex.org/W2119605622","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2148694408","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2170166909","https://openalex.org/W2797144868"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2172196609","https://openalex.org/W3103148063","https://openalex.org/W2794556651","https://openalex.org/W4205482147","https://openalex.org/W2763213405","https://openalex.org/W2581696209","https://openalex.org/W2020430625","https://openalex.org/W1951615866","https://openalex.org/W2044065526","https://openalex.org/W4312069198"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"Recognition":[1],"(FR)":[2],"has":[3,28],"grown":[4],"to":[5,21,59,67,73,78,103,124,134],"be":[6,132],"one":[7,38],"of":[8,16,25,39,47,64,76,99,140,152,214],"the":[9,14,22,40,48,62,65,74,137,175,202,206,212,217],"most":[10,41],"productive":[11],"fields":[12],"in":[13,30,44,88],"domain":[15],"Computer":[17],"Vision":[18],"(CV)":[19],"due":[20,72],"wide":[23],"range":[24],"applications":[26],"it":[27],"bestowed":[29],"commercial":[31],"and":[32,36,80,115,163,189],"law":[33],"enforcement":[34],"settings":[35],"remains":[37],"formidable":[42],"problems":[43],"CV.":[45],"One":[46],"central":[49],"issues":[50],"with":[51],"FR":[52,172,215],"is":[53,70],"that":[54,205],"its":[55],"recognition":[56,162],"performance":[57,213],"tends":[58],"suffer":[60],"when":[61],"size":[63],"database":[66,204],"search":[68],"through":[69],"large,":[71],"cost":[75],"needing":[77],"generate":[79],"compare":[81],"descriptors":[82,107],"for":[83,147,160,171],"each":[84,148],"individual":[85,144],"face.":[86],"Hence":[87],"this":[89,93],"paper,":[90],"we":[91,165],"address":[92],"issue":[94],"by":[95,173],"employing":[96],"VLAD":[97,153,169],"(Vector":[98],"Locally":[100],"Aggregated":[101],"Descriptors)":[102],"aggregate":[104],"local":[105],"face":[106,145],"(which":[108],"are":[109],"pooled":[110],"using":[111,117,198],"Bag-of-Words":[112],"(BOW)":[113],"algorithm)":[114],"classified":[116],"RBF-SVM":[118],"(Radial":[119],"Basis":[120],"Function-Support":[121],"Vector":[122],"Machine)":[123],"output":[125],"a":[126],"predicted":[127],"label":[128],"file,":[129],"which":[130],"can":[131,209],"used":[133],"directly":[135],"access":[136],"descriptors,":[138],"instead":[139],"computing":[141],"them":[142],"from":[143],"images":[146],"comparison.":[149],"Although":[150],"variants":[151,170,208],"exist,":[154],"they":[155],"have":[156],"been":[157],"proposed":[158,207],"primarily":[159],"object":[161],"hence":[164],"proffer":[166],"three":[167],"novel":[168],"utilizing":[174],"popular":[176],"feature":[177],"descriptors:":[178],"SIFT":[179],"(Scale":[180],"Invariant":[181],"Feature":[182],"Transform),":[183],"SURF":[184],"(Speeded":[185],"Up":[186],"Robust":[187],"Features)":[188],"ORB":[190],"(Oriented":[191],"Fast":[192],"Rotated":[193],"Brief).":[194],"We":[195],"will":[196],"demonstrate":[197],"comprehensive":[199],"experimentations":[200],"on":[201],"ORL":[203],"considerably":[210],"improve":[211],"over":[216],"contemporary":[218],"state-of-the-art":[219],"algorithms.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
