{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2293879562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2818000.2818010","title":"Analyzing and Modeling Longitudinal Security Data","display_name":"Analyzing and Modeling Longitudinal Security Data","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-12-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2293879562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2818000.2818010","mag":"2293879562"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2818000.2818010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2818000.2818010","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2818000.2818010?download=true","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2818000.2818010?download=true","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102919117","display_name":"Ben Edwards","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6041-5054"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Edwards","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New Mexico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Mexico","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016671058","display_name":"Steven Hofmeyr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3299-472X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Hofmeyr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114376382","display_name":"Stephanie Forrest","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5904-1646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308548392","display_name":"Santa Fe Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01arysc35","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169521973","display_name":"University of New Mexico","ror":"https://ror.org/05fs6jp91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie Forrest","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New Mexico, Santa Fe Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Mexico, Santa Fe Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308548392","https://openalex.org/I169521973"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012946294","display_name":"Michel van Eeten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0338-2812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michel van Eeten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"391","last_page":"400"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7698758244514465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.7051705121994019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5768641829490662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregate","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","score":0.5299288630485535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5215670466423035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5153807997703552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.49589523673057556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.44450896978378296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-analysis","display_name":"Security analysis","score":0.4102451205253601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.40848827362060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.358028382062912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10932537913322449}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7698758244514465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.7051705121994019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5768641829490662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.5299288630485535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5215670466423035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5153807997703552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.49589523673057556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.44450896978378296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.4102451205253601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.40848827362060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.358028382062912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10932537913322449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2818000.2818010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2818000.2818010","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2818000.2818010?download=true","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2818000.2818010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2818000.2818010","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2818000.2818010?download=true","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1183037878","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS 1444500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2949737995","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P-1070-113237","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3579320412","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-15-C-0118","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4508309178","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC0205CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4713059963","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4835671942","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-15-2-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4905184886","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-15-2-0075","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G924644239","display_name":"NeTS: Large: Measuring and Modeling Internet Choke Points as Threats to Online Freedom","funder_award_id":"1518878","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312777","display_name":"Santa Fe Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01arysc35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2293879562.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2293879562.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1655456","https://openalex.org/W6401868","https://openalex.org/W17209717","https://openalex.org/W63790640","https://openalex.org/W83753057","https://openalex.org/W102672212","https://openalex.org/W563526954","https://openalex.org/W1412796528","https://openalex.org/W1484936125","https://openalex.org/W1492289937","https://openalex.org/W1512326166","https://openalex.org/W1551705282","https://openalex.org/W1593657937","https://openalex.org/W1824436914","https://openalex.org/W1916198581","https://openalex.org/W1965218384","https://openalex.org/W1967656199","https://openalex.org/W1970863228","https://openalex.org/W1980793860","https://openalex.org/W1999101254","https://openalex.org/W2027549176","https://openalex.org/W2056377663","https://openalex.org/W2068654401","https://openalex.org/W2075986968","https://openalex.org/W2082391336","https://openalex.org/W2087759387","https://openalex.org/W2091692346","https://openalex.org/W2097602077","https://openalex.org/W2100765095","https://openalex.org/W2101567517","https://openalex.org/W2103117727","https://openalex.org/W2107156992","https://openalex.org/W2108214308","https://openalex.org/W2113344319","https://openalex.org/W2124379907","https://openalex.org/W2132462183","https://openalex.org/W2132948040","https://openalex.org/W2134928993","https://openalex.org/W2140971281","https://openalex.org/W2144089718","https://openalex.org/W2144620372","https://openalex.org/W2145802904","https://openalex.org/W2164391797","https://openalex.org/W2167130157","https://openalex.org/W2178225550","https://openalex.org/W2204500561","https://openalex.org/W2336483247","https://openalex.org/W2477192109","https://openalex.org/W2584546696","https://openalex.org/W2998962512","https://openalex.org/W3122821110","https://openalex.org/W3183403601","https://openalex.org/W4233802931","https://openalex.org/W4246870340","https://openalex.org/W6600244090","https://openalex.org/W6605105704","https://openalex.org/W6678568454","https://openalex.org/W6679923684"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2294483539","https://openalex.org/W2378449000","https://openalex.org/W3187581118","https://openalex.org/W2938399969","https://openalex.org/W3143747655","https://openalex.org/W2002178493","https://openalex.org/W2901835651","https://openalex.org/W2883616266","https://openalex.org/W186576250","https://openalex.org/W2179964647"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"cybersecurity":[1],"problems":[2],"occur":[3],"on":[4,44,143,189],"a":[5,45,58,76,116,129,190],"worldwide":[6],"scale,":[7],"but":[8,159],"we":[9,51,114,127],"lack":[10],"rigorous":[11],"methods":[12],"for":[13],"determining":[14],"how":[15,95,215],"best":[16],"to":[17,83,90,119,135,203,207,216],"intervene":[18],"and":[19,25,38,104,126,183,199,214],"mitigate":[20],"damage":[21],"globally,":[22,170],"both":[23],"short-":[24],"long-term.":[26],"Analysis":[27],"of":[28,41,55,63,75,132,139],"longitudinal":[29],"security":[30,42,218],"data":[31,61,192,205],"can":[32,108,172],"provide":[33],"insight":[34],"into":[35],"the":[36,53,73,124,133,137,157,195],"effectiveness":[37],"differential":[39],"impacts":[40],"interventions":[43],"global":[46],"level.":[47],"In":[48],"this":[49],"paper":[50],"consider":[52],"example":[54],"spam,":[56],"studying":[57],"large":[59],"high-resolution":[60],"set":[62],"messages":[64],"sent":[65],"from":[66],"260":[67],"ISPs":[68],"in":[69,123,149,156,175],"60":[70],"countries":[71],"over":[72],"course":[74],"decade.":[77],"The":[78,181],"statistical":[79,117],"analysis":[80,182],"is":[81],"designed":[82],"avoid":[84],"common":[85],"pitfalls":[86],"that":[87,148],"could":[88,200],"lead":[89],"erroneous":[91],"conclusions.":[92],"We":[93,146],"show":[94],"factors":[96],"such":[97],"as":[98],"geography,":[99],"national":[100],"economics,":[101],"Internet":[102],"connectivity":[103],"traffic":[105],"flow":[106],"impact":[107],"affect":[109],"local":[110],"spam":[111,144],"concentrations.":[112],"Additionally,":[113],"present":[115],"model":[118,134],"study":[120],"temporal":[121],"transitions":[122],"dataset,":[125],"use":[128],"simple":[130],"extension":[131],"investigate":[136],"effect":[138],"historical":[140,152],"botnet":[141],"takedowns":[142,153,167],"levels.":[145],"find":[147],"aggregate":[150],"most":[151],"are":[154,168,187,197],"beneficial":[155],"short-term,":[158],"few":[160],"have":[161],"long-term":[162],"impact.":[163],"Further,":[164],"even":[165],"when":[166,213],"effective":[169],"they":[171],"be":[173,201],"detrimental":[174],"specific":[176],"geographic":[177],"regions":[178],"or":[179],"countries.":[180],"modeling":[184],"described":[185],"here":[186],"based":[188],"single":[191],"set.":[193],"However,":[194],"techniques":[196],"general":[198],"adapted":[202],"other":[204],"sets":[206],"help":[208],"improve":[209],"decision":[210],"making":[211],"about":[212],"deploy":[217],"interventions.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
