{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010255648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2810146.2810155","title":"Size and cohesion metrics as indicators of the long method bad smell","display_name":"Size and cohesion metrics as indicators of the long method bad smell","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010255648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2810146.2810155","mag":"2010255648"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2810146.2810155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2810146.2810155","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Predictive Models and Data Analytics in Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/4955d8d1-3959-4505-8246-2b63aa32dc9a","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058091110","display_name":"Sofia Charalampidou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sofia Charalampidou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands","Department of Computer Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057023981","display_name":"Apostolos Ampatzoglou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5764-7302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Apostolos Ampatzoglou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands","Department of Computer Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083888080","display_name":"Paris Avgeriou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7101-0754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paris Avgeriou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands","Department of Computer Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-refactoring","display_name":"Code refactoring","score":0.9588162899017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-smell","display_name":"Code smell","score":0.9186575412750244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohesion","display_name":"Cohesion (chemistry)","score":0.8967788815498352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7426574230194092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.6449567675590515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prioritization","display_name":"Prioritization","score":0.5826874375343323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.5499547719955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-debt","display_name":"Technical debt","score":0.5344734787940979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.532585620880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.45812568068504333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-maintenance","display_name":"Software maintenance","score":0.42640185356140137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-metric","display_name":"Software metric","score":0.4159259796142578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.3796045482158661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3738139867782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3569580912590027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.28667721152305603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.23423466086387634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.17457279562950134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.167205810546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.13846531510353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11658406257629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09611469507217407}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152752567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116877","display_name":"Code refactoring","level":3,"score":0.9588162899017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133237599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2295111","display_name":"Code smell","level":5,"score":0.9186575412750244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104054115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216828","display_name":"Cohesion (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.8967788815498352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7426574230194092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.6449567675590515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777615720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11888847","display_name":"Prioritization","level":2,"score":0.5826874375343323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.5499547719955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159198006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532172","display_name":"Technical debt","level":4,"score":0.5344734787940979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.532585620880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.45812568068504333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101317890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940053","display_name":"Software maintenance","level":4,"score":0.42640185356140137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82214349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657339","display_name":"Software metric","level":5,"score":0.4159259796142578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.3796045482158661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3738139867782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3569580912590027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.28667721152305603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.23423466086387634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.17457279562950134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.167205810546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.13846531510353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11658406257629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09611469507217407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2810146.2810155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2810146.2810155","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Predictive Models and Data Analytics in Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:publications/4955d8d1-3959-4505-8246-2b63aa32dc9a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/4955d8d1-3959-4505-8246-2b63aa32dc9a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Charalampidou, S, Ampatzoglou, A & Avgeriou, P 2015, Size and cohesion metrics as indicators of the long method bad smell : An empirical study. in 11th International Conference on Predictive Models and Data Analytics in Software Engineering (PROMISE 2015). ACM Press, New York, The 11th International Conference on Predictive Models and Data Analytics in Software Engineering , Beijing, China, 21/10/2015. https://doi.org/10.1145/2810146.2810155","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire/4955d8d1-3959-4505-8246-2b63aa32dc9a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11370/4955d8d1-3959-4505-8246-2b63aa32dc9a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Charalampidou, S, Ampatzoglou, A & Avgeriou, P 2015, Size and cohesion metrics as indicators of the long method bad smell : An empirical study. in 11th International Conference on Predictive Models and Data Analytics in Software Engineering (PROMISE 2015). ACM Press, New York, The 11th International Conference on Predictive Models and Data Analytics in Software Engineering , Beijing, China, 21/10/2015. https://doi.org/10.1145/2810146.2810155","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:publications/4955d8d1-3959-4505-8246-2b63aa32dc9a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/4955d8d1-3959-4505-8246-2b63aa32dc9a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Charalampidou, S, Ampatzoglou, A & Avgeriou, P 2015, Size and cohesion metrics as indicators of the long method bad smell : An empirical study. in 11th International Conference on Predictive Models and Data Analytics in Software Engineering (PROMISE 2015). ACM Press, New York, The 11th International Conference on Predictive Models and Data Analytics in Software Engineering , Beijing, China, 21/10/2015. https://doi.org/10.1145/2810146.2810155","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313144","display_name":"ITEA","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1342665","https://openalex.org/W1895087","https://openalex.org/W414985211","https://openalex.org/W1494984305","https://openalex.org/W1785944873","https://openalex.org/W1833911422","https://openalex.org/W1840884391","https://openalex.org/W1941013187","https://openalex.org/W1971826777","https://openalex.org/W1981791878","https://openalex.org/W2007504957","https://openalex.org/W2014412501","https://openalex.org/W2014418158","https://openalex.org/W2015029815","https://openalex.org/W2016351227","https://openalex.org/W2034929864","https://openalex.org/W2042438401","https://openalex.org/W2046276611","https://openalex.org/W2047345132","https://openalex.org/W2113322762","https://openalex.org/W2115993542","https://openalex.org/W2126440109","https://openalex.org/W2134358455","https://openalex.org/W2138537116","https://openalex.org/W2138661194","https://openalex.org/W2139040111","https://openalex.org/W2139074146","https://openalex.org/W2139111262","https://openalex.org/W2141069252","https://openalex.org/W2146134503","https://openalex.org/W2151295763","https://openalex.org/W2152976736","https://openalex.org/W2153887189","https://openalex.org/W2158864412","https://openalex.org/W2159369248","https://openalex.org/W2160506632","https://openalex.org/W2161101815","https://openalex.org/W2161585937","https://openalex.org/W2164060400","https://openalex.org/W2167363007","https://openalex.org/W2249595199","https://openalex.org/W2545707583","https://openalex.org/W3169801952","https://openalex.org/W6683255454"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2780981476","https://openalex.org/W2088986462","https://openalex.org/W4221160381","https://openalex.org/W3166181464","https://openalex.org/W2955607951","https://openalex.org/W4226265053","https://openalex.org/W2946499381","https://openalex.org/W4214834810","https://openalex.org/W2015418718","https://openalex.org/W2091064206"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Source":[0],"code":[1],"bad":[2,31,51,168],"smells":[3],"are":[4,20,155,182],"usually":[5],"resolved":[6,56],"through":[7,134],"the":[8,16,25,39,46,58,64,84,102,115,124,127,145,159,165,176],"application":[9],"of":[10,24,29,45,66,87,104,117,130,144,157],"well-defined":[11],"solutions,":[12],"i.e.,":[13],"refactorings.":[14],"In":[15,33],"literature,":[17],"software":[18],"metrics":[19,89,121,154],"used":[21],"as":[22],"indicators":[23],"existence":[26,103,125],"and":[27,49,119,126,151,161,188,192],"prioritization":[28],"resolving":[30,164],"smells.":[32],"this":[34],"paper,":[35],"we":[36,112],"focus":[37],"on":[38,77,138],"long":[40,67,105,131,166],"method":[41,60,71,109,132,167],"smell":[42],"(i.e.":[43],"one":[44,149],"most":[47],"frequent":[48],"persistent":[50],"smells)":[52],"that":[53,148],"can":[54],"be":[55],"by":[57,184],"extract":[59,70,108],"refactoring.":[61],"Until":[62],"now,":[63],"identification":[65],"methods":[68,106],"or":[69,80,107],"opportunities":[72],"has":[73,90],"been":[74],"performed":[75],"based":[76],"cohesion,":[78],"size":[79,118,150],"complexity":[81],"metrics.":[82],"However,":[83],"empirical":[85],"validation":[86],"these":[88],"exhibited":[91],"relatively":[92],"low":[93],"accuracy":[94,173],"with":[95,170],"regard":[96],"to":[97,100,122,175,190],"their":[98],"capacity":[99],"indicate":[101],"opportunities.":[110],"Thus,":[111],"empirically":[113],"explore":[114],"ability":[116],"cohesion":[120,153],"predict":[123],"refactoring":[128],"urgency":[129,162],"occurrences,":[133],"a":[135,171],"case":[136],"study":[137,146],"java":[139],"open-source":[140],"methods.":[141],"The":[142,179],"results":[143,181],"suggest":[147],"four":[152],"capable":[156],"characterizing":[158],"need":[160],"for":[163],"smell,":[169],"higher":[172],"compared":[174],"previous":[177],"studies.":[178],"obtained":[180],"discussed":[183],"providing":[185],"possible":[186],"interpretations":[187],"implications":[189],"practitioners":[191],"researchers.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}