{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2057907879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2809695.2809718","title":"Smart Devices are Different","display_name":"Smart Devices are Different","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2057907879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2809695.2809718","mag":"2057907879"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2809695.2809718","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2809695.2809718","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071371562","display_name":"Allan Stisen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4464-7178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Allan Stisen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark","Aarhus University, Aarhus , Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aarhus University, Aarhus , Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012067225","display_name":"Henrik Blunck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6838-3800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henrik Blunck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark","Aarhus University, Aarhus , Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aarhus University, Aarhus , Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087701164","display_name":"Sourav Bhattacharya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9670-5264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72090969","display_name":"Nokia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/038km2573","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sourav Bhattacharya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bell Laboratories, Dublin, Ireland","[Bell Laboratories, Dublin, Ireland]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bell Laboratories, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Bell Laboratories, Dublin, Ireland]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72090969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025519822","display_name":"Thor Siiger Prentow","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thor Siiger Prentow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark","Aarhus University, Aarhus , Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aarhus University, Aarhus , Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034655219","display_name":"Mikkel Baun Kj\u00e6rgaard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5124-744X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikkel Baun Kj\u00e6rgaard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark","Aarhus University, Aarhus , Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aarhus University, Aarhus , Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032134965","display_name":"Anind K. Dey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3004-0770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anind Dey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052727698","display_name":"Tobias Sonne","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Sonne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark","Aarhus University, Aarhus , Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aarhus University, Aarhus , Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089629926","display_name":"Mads M\u00f8ller Jensen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8463-4999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mads M\u00f8ller Jensen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aarhus University, Aarhus University, Denmark","Aarhus University, Aarhus University, Denmark#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aarhus University, Aarhus University, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aarhus University, Aarhus University, Denmark#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071371562"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.9682,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":689,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99548581,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"127","last_page":"140"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smartwatch","display_name":"Smartwatch","score":0.7883068323135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7521437406539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7463934421539307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.7444967031478882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.683609664440155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-recognition","display_name":"Activity recognition","score":0.5889987945556641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.48185527324676514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.44852912425994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4474758505821228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-sensors","display_name":"Motion sensors","score":0.42667871713638306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.42507120966911316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3366076350212097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32407307624816895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3235146999359131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.10578849911689758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.07752704620361328}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29794715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5362345","display_name":"Smartwatch","level":3,"score":0.7883068323135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7521437406539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7463934421539307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.7444967031478882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.683609664440155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.5889987945556641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.48185527324676514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.44852912425994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4474758505821228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986565385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852453","display_name":"Motion sensors","level":2,"score":0.42667871713638306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.42507120966911316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3366076350212097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32407307624816895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3235146999359131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.10578849911689758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.07752704620361328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2809695.2809718","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2809695.2809718","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13555790","https://openalex.org/W22482183","https://openalex.org/W1481162702","https://openalex.org/W1506806321","https://openalex.org/W1575873342","https://openalex.org/W1601795611","https://openalex.org/W1606626619","https://openalex.org/W1896930264","https://openalex.org/W1897824230","https://openalex.org/W1969860714","https://openalex.org/W1991468035","https://openalex.org/W1991685971","https://openalex.org/W1996086428","https://openalex.org/W2014601643","https://openalex.org/W2017351764","https://openalex.org/W2017634428","https://openalex.org/W2023302299","https://openalex.org/W2040901622","https://openalex.org/W2078180467","https://openalex.org/W2084413241","https://openalex.org/W2084439158","https://openalex.org/W2087125032","https://openalex.org/W2097575504","https://openalex.org/W2098197972","https://openalex.org/W2100287728","https://openalex.org/W2105046342","https://openalex.org/W2106981652","https://openalex.org/W2107951235","https://openalex.org/W2108328714","https://openalex.org/W2108467170","https://openalex.org/W2114808721","https://openalex.org/W2118503643","https://openalex.org/W2132691216","https://openalex.org/W2133140916","https://openalex.org/W2137100320","https://openalex.org/W2137846113","https://openalex.org/W2140353711","https://openalex.org/W2144383213","https://openalex.org/W2148217011","https://openalex.org/W2149512472","https://openalex.org/W2152249839","https://openalex.org/W2154600790","https://openalex.org/W2163139162","https://openalex.org/W2163688384","https://openalex.org/W2165232124","https://openalex.org/W2167409460","https://openalex.org/W3008339271","https://openalex.org/W3142031928","https://openalex.org/W6629510986"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748818549","https://openalex.org/W4304142278","https://openalex.org/W2342865424","https://openalex.org/W2587509230","https://openalex.org/W4283331601","https://openalex.org/W3097068272","https://openalex.org/W4210780304","https://openalex.org/W4313463160","https://openalex.org/W2802035586","https://openalex.org/W3093846146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"widespread":[1],"presence":[2],"of":[3,34,82,134,143,160,164],"motion":[4],"sensors":[5],"on":[6,29,131,147],"users'":[7],"personal":[8],"mobile":[9,144],"devices":[10,128,165],"has":[11],"spawned":[12],"a":[13,26,35,151],"growing":[14],"research":[15,45],"interest":[16],"in":[17,43,52,105],"human":[18],"activity":[19],"recognition":[20,135],"(HAR).":[21],"However,":[22],"when":[23],"deployed":[24],"at":[25],"large-scale,":[27],"e.g.,":[28],"multiple":[30],"devices,":[31],"the":[32,123,132,141],"performance":[33],"HAR":[36,106,119,148],"system":[37,61],"is":[38,48],"often":[39],"significantly":[40,126],"lower":[41],"than":[42],"reported":[44],"results.":[46],"This":[47],"due":[49],"to":[50],"variations":[51],"training":[53],"and":[54,58,73,79,97,102,114,129,149,166],"test":[55],"device":[56,85],"hardware":[57],"their":[59,167],"operating":[60],"characteristics":[62],"among":[63],"others.":[64],"In":[65],"this":[66],"paper,":[67],"we":[68,91],"systematically":[69,139],"investigate":[70,98],"sensor-,":[71],"device-":[72],"workload-specific":[74],"heterogeneities":[75,117,146],"using":[76],"36":[77],"smartphones":[78],"smartwatches,":[80],"consisting":[81],"13":[83],"different":[84],"models":[86],"from":[87],"four":[88],"manufacturers.":[89],"Furthermore,":[90],"conduct":[92],"experiments":[93],"with":[94],"nine":[95],"users":[96],"popular":[99],"feature":[100],"representation":[101],"classification":[103],"techniques":[104],"research.":[107],"Our":[108],"results":[109],"indicate":[110],"that":[111],"on-device":[112],"sensor":[113,115],"handling":[116],"impair":[118],"performances":[120],"significantly.":[121],"Moreover,":[122],"impairments":[124],"vary":[125],"across":[127],"depends":[130],"type":[133],"technique":[136,155],"used.":[137],"We":[138],"evaluate":[140],"effect":[142],"sensing":[145],"propose":[150],"novel":[152],"clustering-based":[153],"mitigation":[154],"suitable":[156],"for":[157],"large-scale":[158],"deployment":[159],"HAR,":[161],"where":[162],"heterogeneity":[163],"usage":[168],"scenarios":[169],"are":[170],"intrinsic.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":79},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":99},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":91},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":83},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":87},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":64},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":64},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}