{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2234829506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2791285","title":"Soylent","display_name":"Soylent","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-07-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2234829506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2791285","mag":"2234829506"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2791285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2791285","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076189854","display_name":"Michael S. Bernstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-9434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael S. Bernstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024401049","display_name":"Greg Little","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110987","display_name":"IIT@MIT","ror":"https://ror.org/01wp8zh54","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30771326","https://openalex.org/I4210110987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258931","display_name":"MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e85r662","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258931","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greg Little","raw_affiliation_strings":["","MIT CSAIL Cambridge, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT CSAIL Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110987","https://openalex.org/I4405258931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091023123","display_name":"Robert C. Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8932-2732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110987","display_name":"IIT@MIT","ror":"https://ror.org/01wp8zh54","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30771326","https://openalex.org/I4210110987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258931","display_name":"MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e85r662","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258931","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert C. Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT CSAIL, Cambridge, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT CSAIL, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110987","https://openalex.org/I4405258931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084965768","display_name":"Bj\u00f6rn Hartmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bj\u00f6rn Hartmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050184396","display_name":"Mark S. Ackerman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9727-1664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark S. Ackerman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028448267","display_name":"David R. Karger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0024-5847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110987","display_name":"IIT@MIT","ror":"https://ror.org/01wp8zh54","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30771326","https://openalex.org/I4210110987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258931","display_name":"MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e85r662","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258931","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David R. Karger","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT CSAIL, Cambridge, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT CSAIL, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110987","https://openalex.org/I4405258931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074993519","display_name":"David H. Crowell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110987","display_name":"IIT@MIT","ror":"https://ror.org/01wp8zh54","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30771326","https://openalex.org/I4210110987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258931","display_name":"MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e85r662","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258931","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Crowell","raw_affiliation_strings":["","MIT CSAIL Cambridge, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT CSAIL Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110987","https://openalex.org/I4405258931"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020484324","display_name":"Katrina Panovich","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katrina Panovich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":33.3027,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":114,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99661461,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"8","first_page":"85","last_page":"94"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8814366459846497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.7341371774673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.7093906402587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5291056036949158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4871632754802704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.4789853096008301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface","display_name":"User interface","score":0.4318804144859314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.41882967948913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4154835343360901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3655177354812622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.33759456872940063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2347899079322815}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8814366459846497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.7341371774673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.7093906402587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5291056036949158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4871632754802704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.4789853096008301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.4318804144859314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.41882967948913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4154835343360901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3655177354812622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.33759456872940063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2347899079322815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2791285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2791285","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8087005307","display_name":"III-COR:   Data Homesteading:   Tools to let Scientific Users Harvest, Husband, and Share Structured Information","funder_award_id":"0712793","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1575954751","https://openalex.org/W1597655096","https://openalex.org/W1970381522","https://openalex.org/W2010595692","https://openalex.org/W2032843080","https://openalex.org/W2041411104","https://openalex.org/W2058556535","https://openalex.org/W2090048052","https://openalex.org/W2114269021","https://openalex.org/W2117470435","https://openalex.org/W2133394135","https://openalex.org/W2141282920","https://openalex.org/W2145882814","https://openalex.org/W2148479118","https://openalex.org/W2149489787","https://openalex.org/W2149891956","https://openalex.org/W2151401338","https://openalex.org/W2170989440","https://openalex.org/W2187291759"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3032998312","https://openalex.org/W1503094549","https://openalex.org/W4384486036","https://openalex.org/W135177976","https://openalex.org/W2337920774","https://openalex.org/W4318823662","https://openalex.org/W2886410948","https://openalex.org/W2025875869","https://openalex.org/W1649706580","https://openalex.org/W3195608031"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2],"architectural":[3],"and":[4,20,30,69,97,108,116],"interaction":[5],"patterns":[6],"for":[7,40,119],"integrating":[8],"crowdsourced":[9,106],"human":[10],"contributions":[11],"directly":[12],"into":[13,92],"user":[14],"interfaces.":[15],"We":[16,49],"focus":[17],"on":[18,62,76],"writing":[19],"editing,":[21],"complex":[22],"endeavors":[23],"that":[24,57],"span":[25],"many":[26],"levels":[27],"of":[28,73,95,105,111],"conceptual":[29],"pragmatic":[31],"activity.":[32],"Authoring":[33],"tools":[34],"offer":[35],"help":[36],"with":[37],"pragmatics,":[38],"but":[39],"higher-level":[41],"help,":[42],"writers":[43,59],"commonly":[44],"turn":[45],"to":[46,60,66],"other":[47],"people.":[48],"thus":[50],"present":[51],"Soylent,":[52],"a":[53,93],"word":[54],"processing":[55],"interface":[56],"enables":[58],"call":[61],"Mechanical":[63],"Turk":[64],"workers":[65],"shorten,":[67],"proofread,":[68],"otherwise":[70],"edit":[71],"parts":[72],"their":[74],"documents":[75],"demand.":[77],"To":[78],"improve":[79],"worker":[80],"quality,":[81],"we":[82],"introduce":[83],"the":[84,103],"Find-Fix-Verify":[85],"crowd":[86],"programming":[87],"pattern,":[88],"which":[89],"splits":[90],"tasks":[91],"series":[94],"generation":[96],"review":[98],"stages.":[99],"Evaluation":[100],"studies":[101],"demonstrate":[102],"feasibility":[104],"editing":[107],"investigate":[109],"questions":[110],"reliability,":[112],"cost,":[113],"wait":[114],"time,":[115],"work":[117],"time":[118],"edits.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T08:27:34.040176","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}