{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2023735971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2787622.2787710","title":"The Normalized Programming State Model","display_name":"The Normalized Programming State Model","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2023735971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2787622.2787710","mag":"2023735971"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2787622.2787710","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2787622.2787710","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the eleventh annual International Conference on International Computing Education Research","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062107887","display_name":"Adam S. Carter","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam S. Carter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008723826","display_name":"Christopher Hundhausen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5128-905X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher D. Hundhausen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087014952","display_name":"Olusola Adesope","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0620-500X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olusola Adesope","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":143,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"141","last_page":"150"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7768081426620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.7747684717178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.6000741720199585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-power","display_name":"Predictive power","score":0.5470134615898132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5292607545852661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.4823293387889862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quotient","display_name":"Quotient","score":0.4595126211643219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductive-programming","display_name":"Inductive programming","score":0.44064319133758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39114904403686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.38947421312332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3662933111190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.3629864454269409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.11096417903900146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10514512658119202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7768081426620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.7747684717178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.6000741720199585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778136018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10350689","display_name":"Predictive power","level":2,"score":0.5470134615898132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5292607545852661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4823293387889862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199422724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41118","display_name":"Quotient","level":2,"score":0.4595126211643219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50033165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15712089","display_name":"Inductive programming","level":3,"score":0.44064319133758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39114904403686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.38947421312332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3662933111190796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.3629864454269409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.11096417903900146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10514512658119202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2787622.2787710","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2787622.2787710","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the eleventh annual International Conference on International Computing Education Research","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8799999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W112288907","https://openalex.org/W611808937","https://openalex.org/W643967429","https://openalex.org/W1568871075","https://openalex.org/W1761828760","https://openalex.org/W1946885964","https://openalex.org/W1966512450","https://openalex.org/W1967123640","https://openalex.org/W1971916043","https://openalex.org/W1975537335","https://openalex.org/W1985037427","https://openalex.org/W1993199499","https://openalex.org/W2013852212","https://openalex.org/W2036955327","https://openalex.org/W2044490101","https://openalex.org/W2044653300","https://openalex.org/W2052447280","https://openalex.org/W2054122003","https://openalex.org/W2074481854","https://openalex.org/W2079905355","https://openalex.org/W2081868109","https://openalex.org/W2090960371","https://openalex.org/W2115709314","https://openalex.org/W2117655204","https://openalex.org/W2126460775","https://openalex.org/W3000157545"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161156675","https://openalex.org/W4387445043","https://openalex.org/W2172209430","https://openalex.org/W4296878212","https://openalex.org/W1988273104","https://openalex.org/W2378928660","https://openalex.org/W3117088238","https://openalex.org/W1943224404","https://openalex.org/W2560787608","https://openalex.org/W2169841379"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Educators":[0],"stand":[1],"to":[2,29,35,151],"benefit":[3],"from":[4],"advance":[5],"predictions":[6,23],"of":[7,105,112,124,134,146,160,177],"their":[8,19,38,113],"students'":[9,67,82,100,128,138,162],"course":[10,62,140,163],"performance":[11,63,165],"based":[12,64],"on":[13,66,174],"learning":[14],"process":[15,179],"data":[16],"collected":[17],"in":[18,103,127,137],"courses.":[20],"Indeed,":[21],"such":[22],"can":[24,74],"help":[25],"educators":[26],"not":[27],"only":[28],"identify":[30,143],"at-risk":[31],"students,":[32],"but":[33],"also":[34],"better":[36],"tailor":[37],"instructional":[39],"methods.":[40],"In":[41,115],"computing":[42],"education,":[43],"at":[44,59],"least":[45],"two":[46],"different":[47],"measures,":[48],"the":[49,92,106,119,125,135,144,147,175],"Error":[50],"Quotient":[51],"and":[52,109,132,155,169],"Watwin":[53],"Score,":[54],"have":[55],"achieved":[56],"modest":[57],"success":[58],"predicting":[60,161],"student":[61],"solely":[65],"compilation":[68],"attempts.":[69],"We":[70,142],"hypothesize":[71],"that":[72,88,149],"one":[73],"achieve":[75],"even":[76],"greater":[77],"predictive":[78],"power":[79],"by":[80],"considering":[81],"programming":[83,101,129,164,178],"activities":[84],"more":[85],"holistically.":[86],"To":[87],"end,":[89],"we":[90],"derive":[91,156],"Normalized":[93],"Programming":[94],"State":[95],"Model":[96],"(NPSM),":[97],"which":[98],"characterizes":[99],"activity":[102],"terms":[104],"dynamically-changing":[107],"syntactic":[108],"semantic":[110],"correctness":[111],"programs.":[114],"an":[116],"empirical":[117],"study,":[118],"NPSM":[120,148],"accounted":[121],"for":[122],"41%":[123],"variance":[126,136],"assignment":[130],"grades,":[131],"36%":[133],"final":[139],"grades.":[141],"components":[145],"contribute":[150],"its":[152],"explanatory":[153],"power,":[154],"a":[157],"formula":[158],"capable":[159],"with":[166],"between":[167],"36":[168],"67":[170],"percent":[171],"accuracy,":[172],"depending":[173],"quantity":[176],"data.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
