{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2014707654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2786805.2803194","title":"Quantifying architectural debts","display_name":"Quantifying architectural debts","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2014707654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2786805.2803194","mag":"2014707654"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2786805.2803194","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2786805.2803194","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2015 10th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000773809","display_name":"Lu Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3202-3077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lu Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Drexel University, USA","#N# Drexel University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Drexel University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"#N# Drexel University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000773809"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5892,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87503019,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1030","last_page":"1033"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10395","display_name":"Construction Project Management and Performance","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9817000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-refactoring","display_name":"Code refactoring","score":0.8225827813148499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architectural-pattern","display_name":"Architectural pattern","score":0.6652346849441528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6037030220031738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-debt","display_name":"Technical debt","score":0.5999070405960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debt","display_name":"Debt","score":0.5839855074882507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plan","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","score":0.5230147242546082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4362012445926666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3579573631286621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architectural-engineering","display_name":"Architectural engineering","score":0.3404563069343567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.33871638774871826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.24888914823532104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23381242156028748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.16839754581451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.11400118470191956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1110515296459198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.07980388402938843}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152752567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116877","display_name":"Code refactoring","level":3,"score":0.8225827813148499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72280835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q635346","display_name":"Architectural pattern","level":5,"score":0.6652346849441528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6037030220031738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159198006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532172","display_name":"Technical debt","level":4,"score":0.5999070405960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120527767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867","display_name":"Debt","level":2,"score":0.5839855074882507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5230147242546082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4362012445926666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3579573631286621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.3404563069343567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.33871638774871826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.24888914823532104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23381242156028748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.16839754581451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.11400118470191956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1110515296459198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.07980388402938843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52913732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857102","display_name":"Software design","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2786805.2803194","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2786805.2803194","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2015 10th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6107785726","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-0916891, CCF- 1065189, CCF-1116980 and DUE-0837665","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10259981","https://openalex.org/W1534732112","https://openalex.org/W1933119144","https://openalex.org/W1965658570","https://openalex.org/W1975790660","https://openalex.org/W1987922655","https://openalex.org/W2004471732","https://openalex.org/W2027483357","https://openalex.org/W2079753552","https://openalex.org/W2088339550","https://openalex.org/W2107277166","https://openalex.org/W2110244733","https://openalex.org/W2110656807","https://openalex.org/W2146335723","https://openalex.org/W2147105902","https://openalex.org/W2151553346","https://openalex.org/W2159610968","https://openalex.org/W2169950128","https://openalex.org/W3048499355","https://openalex.org/W4234160275"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4221160381","https://openalex.org/W4226265053","https://openalex.org/W4312691020","https://openalex.org/W3164126106","https://openalex.org/W2478414852","https://openalex.org/W3133994035","https://openalex.org/W2390440384","https://openalex.org/W4389805014","https://openalex.org/W4214834810","https://openalex.org/W2294716178"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,59],"our":[1],"prior":[2],"research,":[3],"we":[4,62],"found":[5,15],"that":[6,16,23,48],"problematic":[7,71],"architectural":[8,21,37,64,72,100,107,126],"connections":[9,22,73,78],"can":[10,45],"propagate":[11],"errors.":[12],"We":[13,128],"also":[14],"among":[17,74],"multiple":[18],"files,":[19],"the":[20,31,104,117],"violate":[24],"common":[25],"design":[26],"principles":[27],"strongly":[28],"correlate":[29],"with":[30,70],"error-proneness":[32],"of":[33,54,68,106,111,120,146],"files.":[34],"The":[35],"flawed":[36],"connections,":[38],"if":[39],"not":[40],"fixed":[41],"properly":[42],"and":[43,76,93,114,138,149],"timely,":[44],"become":[46],"debts":[47,65,108],"accumulate":[49,123],"high":[50,80],"interest":[51],"in":[52,99,109,143,153],"terms":[53,110],"maintenance":[55,81,112],"costs":[56,82],"over":[57,83],"time.":[58,84],"this":[60],"paper,":[61],"define":[63],"as":[66,140],"clusters":[67],"files":[69,96],"them,":[75],"their":[77],"incur":[79],"Our":[85],"goal":[86],"is":[87],"to":[88,125,130,151],"1)":[89],"precisely":[90],"identify":[91],"which":[92],"how":[94],"many":[95],"are":[97],"involved":[98],"debts;":[101],"2)":[102],"quantify":[103],"penalties":[105],"costs;":[113],"3)":[115],"model":[116,134],"growth":[118],"trend":[119],"penalties---maintenance":[121],"costs---that":[122],"due":[124],"debts.":[127],"plan":[129],"provide":[131],"a":[132,141],"quantitative":[133],"for":[135],"project":[136],"managers":[137],"stakeholders":[139],"reference":[142],"making":[144],"decisions":[145],"whether,":[147],"when":[148],"where":[150],"invest":[152],"refactoring.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}