{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1964730672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2786805.2786838","title":"Modeling readability to improve unit tests","display_name":"Modeling readability to improve unit tests","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1964730672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2786805.2786838","mag":"1964730672"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2786805.2786838","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2786805.2786838","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2015 10th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052633187","display_name":"Ermira Daka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7970-2280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ermira Daka","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sheffield, UK","University of sheffield, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101595466","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Campos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7565-8382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Campos","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sheffield, UK","University of sheffield, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079261847","display_name":"Gordon Fraser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4364-6595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gordon Fraser","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sheffield, UK","University of sheffield, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075212016","display_name":"Jonathan Dorn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7761-5706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Dorn","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, USA","University of Virginia , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083601969","display_name":"Westley Weimer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6749-2204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Westley Weimer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, USA","University of Virginia , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":143,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"107","last_page":"118"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/readability","display_name":"Readability","score":0.9108027219772339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit-testing","display_name":"Unit testing","score":0.8000973463058472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7830225825309753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.601773202419281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5163308382034302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.46441811323165894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4606494903564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","score":0.4600162208080292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.41499564051628113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-coverage","display_name":"Code coverage","score":0.41290807723999023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.24849948287010193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.23824527859687805}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.9108027219772339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148027188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907375","display_name":"Unit testing","level":3,"score":0.8000973463058472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7830225825309753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.601773202419281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5163308382034302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.46441811323165894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4606494903564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.4600162208080292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.41499564051628113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53942775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1211721","display_name":"Code coverage","level":3,"score":0.41290807723999023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.24849948287010193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.23824527859687805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2786805.2786838","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2786805.2786838","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2015 10th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3000904490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K030353/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4114250338","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF 1116289, CCF 0954024, CCF 0905373","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5100090999","display_name":"Explorative Test Oracle Generation","funder_award_id":"EP/K030353/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1244965290","https://openalex.org/W1485873552","https://openalex.org/W1490674333","https://openalex.org/W1500895378","https://openalex.org/W1526710119","https://openalex.org/W1541128807","https://openalex.org/W1570448133","https://openalex.org/W1860170051","https://openalex.org/W1965976058","https://openalex.org/W1967308381","https://openalex.org/W1970381522","https://openalex.org/W1971650562","https://openalex.org/W1997588820","https://openalex.org/W2008815642","https://openalex.org/W2010887646","https://openalex.org/W2018017297","https://openalex.org/W2029136037","https://openalex.org/W2037291277","https://openalex.org/W2041713059","https://openalex.org/W2043662475","https://openalex.org/W2049871268","https://openalex.org/W2077155146","https://openalex.org/W2098109710","https://openalex.org/W2110706065","https://openalex.org/W2113697305","https://openalex.org/W2114063681","https://openalex.org/W2115998851","https://openalex.org/W2119109877","https://openalex.org/W2125596330","https://openalex.org/W2137955320","https://openalex.org/W2140609933","https://openalex.org/W2143101641","https://openalex.org/W2151223430","https://openalex.org/W2151226386","https://openalex.org/W2151401338","https://openalex.org/W2152474046","https://openalex.org/W2153804780","https://openalex.org/W2153922613","https://openalex.org/W2158082837","https://openalex.org/W2159739762","https://openalex.org/W2164006284","https://openalex.org/W2476359844","https://openalex.org/W2966207845","https://openalex.org/W2998461326","https://openalex.org/W3103568582","https://openalex.org/W3141465105","https://openalex.org/W6660771850"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4212891157","https://openalex.org/W4367694420","https://openalex.org/W2922094103","https://openalex.org/W95742704","https://openalex.org/W4223506201","https://openalex.org/W4298858191","https://openalex.org/W2131157060","https://openalex.org/W2102170411","https://openalex.org/W2363997157","https://openalex.org/W2801377050"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Writing":[0],"good":[1],"unit":[2,26,75,89],"tests":[3,27,51,115],"can":[4,95],"be":[5],"tedious":[6],"and":[7,31,42,57,82,104,116],"error":[8],"prone,":[9],"but":[10],"even":[11],"once":[12],"they":[13],"are":[14,52,117],"written,":[15],"the":[16,40,129],"job":[17],"is":[18],"not":[19],"done:":[20],"Developers":[21],"need":[22],"to":[23,35,43,55,63,86,119],"reason":[24],"about":[25,123],"throughout":[28],"software":[29],"development":[30],"evolution,":[32],"in":[33],"order":[34],"diagnose":[36],"test":[37,76,90,98],"failures,":[38],"maintain":[39,56],"tests,":[41],"understand":[44],"code":[45],"written":[46],"by":[47],"other":[48],"developers.":[49,64],"Unreadable":[50],"more":[53,126],"difficult":[54],"lose":[58],"some":[59],"of":[60,74,132],"their":[61],"value":[62],"To":[65],"overcome":[66],"this":[67,84],"problem,":[68],"we":[69],"propose":[70],"a":[71],"domain-specific":[72],"model":[73,85],"readability":[77],"based":[78],"on":[79],"human":[80,109],"judgements,":[81],"use":[83],"augment":[87],"automated":[88],"generation.":[91],"The":[92],"resulting":[93],"approach":[94],"automatically":[96],"generate":[97],"suites":[99],"with":[100],"both":[101],"high":[102],"coverage":[103],"also":[105],"improved":[106,114],"readability.":[107],"In":[108],"studies":[110],"users":[111],"prefer":[112],"our":[113],"able":[118],"answer":[120],"maintenance":[121],"questions":[122],"them":[124],"14%":[125],"quickly":[127],"at":[128],"same":[130],"level":[131],"accuracy.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}