{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2037520658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2766330.2766335","title":"A Primer on IPv4 Scarcity","display_name":"A Primer on IPv4 Scarcity","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2037520658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2766330.2766335","mag":"2037520658"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2766330.2766335","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2766330.2766335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S66039016","display_name":"ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review","issn_l":"0146-4833","issn":["0146-4833","1943-5819"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035619973","display_name":"Philipp Richter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2798-7207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Richter","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU Berlin / ICSI, Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Berlin / ICSI, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111959870","display_name":"Mark Allman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297971548","display_name":"International Computer Science Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01ewh7m12","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297971548"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Allman","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICSI, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICSI, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297971548"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015474966","display_name":"Randy Bush","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153849","display_name":"Internet Initiative Japan","ror":"https://ror.org/05c4bsk60","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145792","https://openalex.org/I4387153849"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Randy Bush","raw_affiliation_strings":["Internet Initiative Japan, Tokyo, Japan","[Internet Initiative, Japan, Tokyo, Japan]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internet Initiative Japan, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Internet Initiative, Japan, Tokyo, Japan]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153849"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002219113","display_name":"Vern Paxson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2673-543X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vern Paxson","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Berkeley, Berkeley, USA","UC-Berkeley, Berkeley, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley, Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC-Berkeley, Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035619973"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8022,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93703988,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"2","first_page":"21","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10651","display_name":"IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10651","display_name":"IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ipv4","display_name":"IPv4","score":0.8184348344802856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7578713893890381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scarcity","display_name":"Scarcity","score":0.6518861055374146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.5680964589118958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.4660072922706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certification","display_name":"Certification","score":0.4629109501838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4263213872909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3655887246131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.35019370913505554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ipv6","display_name":"IPv6","score":0.3309341073036194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.21674874424934387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.1747167408466339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.15478575229644775}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779233093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11103","display_name":"IPv4","level":4,"score":0.8184348344802856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7578713893890381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109747225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815758","display_name":"Scarcity","level":2,"score":0.6518861055374146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.5680964589118958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.4660072922706604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46304622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374814","display_name":"Certification","level":2,"score":0.4629109501838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4263213872909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3655887246131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.35019370913505554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84555802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2551624","display_name":"IPv6","level":3,"score":0.3309341073036194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.21674874424934387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.1747167408466339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.15478575229644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2766330.2766335","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2766330.2766335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S66039016","display_name":"ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review","issn_l":"0146-4833","issn":["0146-4833","1943-5819"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1638186213","https://openalex.org/W1728107253","https://openalex.org/W1764289520","https://openalex.org/W1975740333","https://openalex.org/W1980492753","https://openalex.org/W1985967834","https://openalex.org/W1988546288","https://openalex.org/W2029701644","https://openalex.org/W2033938536","https://openalex.org/W2064301881","https://openalex.org/W2065283652","https://openalex.org/W2081642714","https://openalex.org/W2086837834","https://openalex.org/W2100914958","https://openalex.org/W2113344319","https://openalex.org/W2151485206","https://openalex.org/W2254429269","https://openalex.org/W2287088142","https://openalex.org/W2309866166","https://openalex.org/W2523660336","https://openalex.org/W2913277331","https://openalex.org/W2914017020","https://openalex.org/W2949629224","https://openalex.org/W3158910085","https://openalex.org/W6637779999","https://openalex.org/W6675040412"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2349428606","https://openalex.org/W2129227231","https://openalex.org/W2360869876","https://openalex.org/W3004929566","https://openalex.org/W1849784828","https://openalex.org/W2374277641","https://openalex.org/W2391251019","https://openalex.org/W2791057254","https://openalex.org/W4241708343","https://openalex.org/W2347589432"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,9,12,45,48,60,70,76,87,104,109,119,136],"ongoing":[2],"exhaustion":[3,51],"of":[4,26,47,63,72,103,121],"free":[5],"address":[6,17,27,34,50,65,90,96,122,134,146],"pools":[7],"at":[8],"registries":[10],"serving":[11],"global":[13],"demand":[14],"for":[15,138],"IPv4":[16,49,64],"space,":[18],"scarcity":[19,105],"has":[20,67],"become":[21],"reality.":[22],"Networks":[23],"in":[24,89],"need":[25,137],"space":[28,66,91,97,112,147],"can":[29],"no":[30],"longer":[31],"get":[32],"more":[33],"allocations":[35],"from":[36],"their":[37],"respective":[38],"registries.":[39],"In":[40],"this":[41],"work":[42],"we":[43,82],"frame":[44],"fundamentals":[46],"phenomena":[52],"and":[53,79,117,141],"connected":[54],"issues.":[55,106],"We":[56,85,107],"elaborate":[57],"on":[58],"how":[59],"current":[61],"ecosystem":[62],"evolved":[68],"since":[69],"standardization":[71],"IPv4,":[73],"leading":[74],"to":[75,113],"rather":[77],"complex":[78],"opaque":[80],"scenario":[81],"face":[83],"today.":[84],"outline":[86],"evolution":[88],"management":[92],"as":[93,95,124,131],"well":[94],"use":[98],"patterns,":[99],"identifying":[100],"key":[101],"factors":[102],"characterize":[108],"possible":[110],"solution":[111],"overcome":[114],"these":[115],"issues":[116,129,142],"open":[118],"perspective":[120],"blocks":[123],"virtual":[125],"resources,":[126],"which":[127],"involves":[128],"such":[130],"differentiation":[132],"between":[133,148],"blocks,":[135],"resource":[139],"certification,":[140],"arising":[143],"when":[144],"transferring":[145],"networks.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}