{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2056507634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2744769.2744930","title":"Vortex","display_name":"Vortex","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2056507634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2744769.2744930","mag":"2056507634"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2744769.2744930","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2744769.2744930","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000748332","display_name":"Beiye Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Beiye Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA","ECE, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECE, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429403","display_name":"Hai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3228-6544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA","ECE, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECE, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058073627","display_name":"Yiran Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1486-8412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiran Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA","ECE, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECE, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100353857","display_name":"Xin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3811-2062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","ECE, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECE, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101676852","display_name":"Qing Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7248-9755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Laboratory, Rome, NY","Air Force Research Laboratory , Rome, NY 13441-4505, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Laboratory, Rome, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Laboratory , Rome, NY 13441-4505, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074290686","display_name":"Tingwen Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9610-846X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58152225","display_name":"Texas A&M University at Qatar","ror":"https://ror.org/03vb4dm14","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58152225","https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingwen Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M University, Doha, Qatar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58152225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000748332"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.804,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":188,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95336591,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossbar-switch","display_name":"Crossbar switch","score":0.8954430818557739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.8795390725135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memristor","display_name":"Memristor","score":0.7442761063575745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6902005076408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.6656198501586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5206822156906128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.485405296087265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.4362730085849762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.37123191356658936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.32340699434280396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22858235239982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1733657717704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.13965755701065063}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29984679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929149","display_name":"Crossbar switch","level":2,"score":0.8954430818557739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.8795390725135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150072547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212923","display_name":"Memristor","level":2,"score":0.7442761063575745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6902005076408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.6656198501586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5206822156906128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.485405296087265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.4362730085849762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.37123191356658936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.32340699434280396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22858235239982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1733657717704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.13965755701065063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2744769.2744930","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2744769.2744930","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Design Automation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1682219457","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-15-2-0048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","funder_display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2074355378","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Innov. Res. Pgm.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332518","funder_display_name":"HP Labs"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4979200756","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1116171, EECS-1311747, CNS-1253424","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332518","display_name":"HP Labs","ror":"https://ror.org/059rn9488"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566971655","https://openalex.org/W1973948212","https://openalex.org/W1976075132","https://openalex.org/W1994589723","https://openalex.org/W2009464942","https://openalex.org/W2027342132","https://openalex.org/W2035054741","https://openalex.org/W2042488319","https://openalex.org/W2082311137","https://openalex.org/W2092608522","https://openalex.org/W2107012212","https://openalex.org/W2112181056","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2120480077","https://openalex.org/W2123151033","https://openalex.org/W2155954834","https://openalex.org/W2162651880","https://openalex.org/W2253807446","https://openalex.org/W2498119267","https://openalex.org/W3102398612","https://openalex.org/W4245731639","https://openalex.org/W6683793933"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1872623660","https://openalex.org/W3207218810","https://openalex.org/W4292697011","https://openalex.org/W3212508523","https://openalex.org/W1995352804","https://openalex.org/W2909534142","https://openalex.org/W2086672837","https://openalex.org/W1940420793","https://openalex.org/W4367187682","https://openalex.org/W3215957123"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,33,41],"development":[3],"of":[4,48,79,89,117,126],"memristor":[5,118],"devices":[6],"and":[7,82,98,129,149,156],"crossbar":[8,35],"integration":[9],"allow":[10],"us":[11],"to":[12,29,112,136,152],"implement":[13],"a":[14,34,73],"low-power":[15],"on-chip":[16],"neuromorphic":[17],"computing":[18],"system":[19],"(NCS)":[20],"with":[21],"small":[22],"footprint.":[23],"Training":[24],"methods":[25,51,93],"have":[26],"been":[27,54],"proposed":[28],"program":[30],"the":[31,46,61,77,87,114,124,131,144,153],"memristors":[32],"by":[36,57,64,121,147],"following":[37],"existing":[38],"training":[39,50,92,105,115],"algorithms":[40],"neural":[42],"network":[43],"models.":[44],"However,":[45],"robustness":[47,88,116],"these":[49],"has":[52],"not":[53],"well":[55],"investigated":[56],"taking":[58],"into":[59],"account":[60],"limits":[62],"imposed":[63],"realistic":[65],"hardware":[66],"implementations.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69],"work,":[70],"we":[71],"present":[72],"quantitative":[74],"analysis":[75],"on":[76,86],"impact":[78,125],"device":[80,127],"imperfections":[81],"circuit":[83],"design":[84],"constraints":[85],"two":[90],"popular":[91],"--":[94],"\"close-loop":[95],"on-device\"":[96],"(CLD)":[97],"\"open-loop":[99],"off-device\"":[100],"(OLD).":[101],"A":[102],"novel":[103],"variation-aware":[104],"scheme,":[106],"namely,":[107],"Vortex,":[108],"is":[109],"then":[110],"invented":[111],"enhance":[113],"crossbar-based":[119],"NCS":[120],"actively":[122],"compensating":[123],"variations":[128],"optimizing":[130],"mapping":[132],"scheme":[133],"from":[134],"computations":[135],"crossbars.":[137],"On":[138],"average,":[139],"Vortex":[140],"can":[141],"significantly":[142],"improve":[143],"test":[145],"rate":[146],"29.6%":[148],"26.4%,":[150],"compared":[151],"traditional":[154],"OLD":[155],"CLD,":[157],"respectively.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}