{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968716615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2739482.2768500","title":"The 'Blackboard Pattern' for Metaheuristics","display_name":"The 'Blackboard Pattern' for Metaheuristics","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968716615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2739482.2768500","mag":"1968716615"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2739482.2768500","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2739482.2768500","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Companion Publication of the 2015 Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001908803","display_name":"Kevin Graham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1257-539X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12093191","display_name":"University of Stirling","ror":"https://ror.org/045wgfr59","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Graham","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland Uk","University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, Uk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland Uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, Uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037668386","display_name":"Jerry Swan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1944-7147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jerry Swan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of York, York, England UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York, York, England UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103162333","display_name":"Simon Martin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1399-860X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12093191","display_name":"University of Stirling","ror":"https://ror.org/045wgfr59","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland Uk","University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, Uk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland Uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, Uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4115,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57189186,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1265","last_page":"1267"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blackboard","display_name":"Blackboard (design pattern)","score":0.8821591734886169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7716966867446899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.7433747053146362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaheuristic","display_name":"Metaheuristic","score":0.7316641211509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.5621253252029419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blackboard-system","display_name":"Blackboard system","score":0.5382964015007019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permutation","display_name":"Permutation (music)","score":0.4349803924560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41001230478286743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.40279948711395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.17081832885742188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.0717296302318573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778308757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23601418","display_name":"Blackboard (design pattern)","level":2,"score":0.8821591734886169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7716966867446899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.7433747053146362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109718341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385229","display_name":"Metaheuristic","level":2,"score":0.7316641211509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.5621253252029419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157273737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753023","display_name":"Blackboard system","level":3,"score":0.5382964015007019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21308566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169365","display_name":"Permutation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4349803924560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41001230478286743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.40279948711395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.17081832885742188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0717296302318573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2739482.2768500","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2739482.2768500","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Companion Publication of the 2015 Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6794522244","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/J017515/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8385396385","display_name":"DAASE: Dynamic Adaptive Automated Software Engineering","funder_award_id":"EP/J017515/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508419498","https://openalex.org/W1680219918","https://openalex.org/W1814515812","https://openalex.org/W1819450536","https://openalex.org/W2051768896","https://openalex.org/W2073641629","https://openalex.org/W2104670598","https://openalex.org/W2151554678","https://openalex.org/W2165061252","https://openalex.org/W2570377675","https://openalex.org/W2914389390"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2279528337","https://openalex.org/W4231402822","https://openalex.org/W2385023133","https://openalex.org/W2254498469","https://openalex.org/W2161257492","https://openalex.org/W4230931601","https://openalex.org/W2123085253","https://openalex.org/W2146750700","https://openalex.org/W4247061306","https://openalex.org/W4251918048"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"describe":[1],"the":[2,24,39,44,47],"'Blackboard'":[3],"design":[4],"pattern":[5,26],"for":[6,38],"metaheuristics":[7],"which":[8],"allows":[9],"multiple":[10],"agents":[11],"to":[12,17],"combine":[13],"their":[14],"expertise":[15],"opportunistically":[16],"contribute":[18],"towards":[19],"a":[20],"solution.":[21],"Features":[22],"of":[23,30],"Blackboard":[25],"may":[27],"include":[28],"heterogeneity":[29],"solution":[31],"representations":[32],"(e.g.":[33],"both":[34],"graph":[35],"and":[36,41,53],"permutation":[37],"TSP)":[40],"asynchronous":[42],"processing,":[43],"latter":[45],"rendering":[46],"traditionally":[48],"hard":[49],"distinction":[50],"between":[51],"'online'":[52],"'offline'":[54],"activity":[55],"less":[56],"significant.":[57]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}