{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2040527222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2724714","title":"The Future of Real-Time Security","display_name":"The Future of Real-Time Security","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2040527222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2724714","mag":"2040527222"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2724714","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2724714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062027964","display_name":"Ayd\u0131n Aysu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5530-8710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aydin Aysu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA","Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001019171","display_name":"Bilgiday Yuce","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7734-8465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bilgiday Yuce","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA","Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088000939","display_name":"Patrick Schaumont","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4586-5476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Schaumont","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA","Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4365,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7646832,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8780150413513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5082271099090576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.49262553453445435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.4686410129070282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4679039418697357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.41268596053123474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.37301939725875854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1618143618106842}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8780150413513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5082271099090576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.49262553453445435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.4686410129070282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4679039418697357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.41268596053123474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.37301939725875854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1618143618106842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2724714","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2724714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40376036","https://openalex.org/W72736654","https://openalex.org/W121367636","https://openalex.org/W124286720","https://openalex.org/W137478731","https://openalex.org/W147447691","https://openalex.org/W159145550","https://openalex.org/W179223734","https://openalex.org/W1506156414","https://openalex.org/W1566015562","https://openalex.org/W1580045882","https://openalex.org/W1599175145","https://openalex.org/W2010507480","https://openalex.org/W2014298761","https://openalex.org/W2040236464","https://openalex.org/W2056332797","https://openalex.org/W2069448237","https://openalex.org/W2071825329","https://openalex.org/W2079219927","https://openalex.org/W2098875331","https://openalex.org/W2113992957","https://openalex.org/W2115638827","https://openalex.org/W2122372222","https://openalex.org/W2123316699","https://openalex.org/W2127892507","https://openalex.org/W2149568614","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2235328757","https://openalex.org/W2397062561","https://openalex.org/W2401833010","https://openalex.org/W2476275171","https://openalex.org/W2520282206","https://openalex.org/W2539997693","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2900370870","https://openalex.org/W4234168281"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111241003","https://openalex.org/W4200391368","https://openalex.org/W2355315220","https://openalex.org/W2210979487","https://openalex.org/W2074043759","https://openalex.org/W2096844293","https://openalex.org/W2363944576","https://openalex.org/W2351041855","https://openalex.org/W2570254841","https://openalex.org/W4235108210"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advances":[0],"in":[1,40,180,263],"quantum":[2],"computing":[3,53],"have":[4],"spurred":[5],"a":[6,41,64,100,120,149,183,231,236,251,254,264,270,279],"significant":[7],"amount":[8],"of":[9,25,30,57,66,99,152,230,256,267,282],"research":[10],"into":[11,137],"public-key":[12],"cryptographic":[13],"algorithms":[14],"that":[15],"are":[16],"resistant":[17],"against":[18],"postquantum":[19,42],"cryptanalysis.":[20],"Lattice-based":[21],"cryptography":[22,47],"is":[23,85,109,130,171],"one":[24],"the":[26,46,52,97,113,133,153,159,169,197,202,209,222,245],"important":[27,111],"candidates":[28],"because":[29,148],"its":[31],"reasonable":[32,36],"complexity":[33],"combined":[34],"with":[35,253],"signature":[37,77,102,115,134,143,252],"sizes.":[38],"However,":[39],"world,":[43],"not":[44,156],"only":[45],"will":[48,61],"change":[49],"but":[50],"also":[51],"platforms.":[54],"Large":[55],"amounts":[56],"resource-constrained":[58],"embedded":[59,81,95],"systems":[60],"connect":[62],"to":[63,86,131,161,190,278,288],"cloud":[65],"powerful":[67],"server":[68],"computers.":[69],"We":[70,118,217],"present":[71],"an":[72,94],"optimization":[73],"technique":[74],"for":[75,103,201,269],"lattice-based":[76],"generation":[78,116,135],"on":[79,93,158,182,221],"such":[80],"systems;":[82],"our":[83,219],"goal":[84],"optimize":[87],"latency":[88,98,255],"rather":[89],"than":[90,112],"throughput.":[91],"Indeed,":[92],"system,":[96],"single":[101],"user":[104],"identification":[105],"or":[106],"message":[107,160,170],"authentication":[108],"more":[110],"aggregate":[114],"rate.":[117],"build":[119],"high-performance":[121],"implementation":[122,228],"using":[123],"hardware/software":[124],"codesign":[125],"techniques.":[126],"The":[127,142,227],"key":[128],"idea":[129],"partition":[132],"scheme":[136,144],"offline":[138],"and":[139,164,186,207,212,235,239,284,291],"online":[140,193],"phases.":[141],"allows":[145],"this":[146,276],"separation":[147],"large":[150],"portion":[151],"computation":[154],"does":[155],"depend":[157],"be":[162,166],"signed":[163],"can":[165,175,249],"handled":[167],"before":[168],"given.":[172],"Then,":[173],"we":[174,205],"map":[176],"complex":[177],"precomputation":[178],"operations":[179],"software":[181,292],"low-cost":[184],"processor":[185,234],"utilize":[187],"hardware":[188,199,290],"resources":[189],"accelerate":[191],"simpler":[192],"operations.":[194],"To":[195],"find":[196],"optimum":[198],"architecture":[200,248],"target":[203],"platform,":[204],"define":[206],"explore":[208],"design":[210,215],"space":[211],"implement":[213],"two":[214],"configurations.":[216],"realize":[218],"solutions":[220],"Altera":[223],"Cyclone-IV":[224],"CGX150":[225],"FPGA.":[226],"consists":[229],"NIOS":[232],"soft-core":[233],"low-latency":[237,247],"hash":[238],"polynomial":[240],"multiplication":[241],"engine.":[242],"On":[243,273],"average,":[244],"proposed":[246],"generate":[250],"96":[257],"clock":[258],"cycles":[259],"at":[260],"40MHz,":[261],"resulting":[262],"response":[265],"time":[266],"2.4\u03bcs":[268],"signing":[271],"request.":[272],"equivalent":[274],"platforms,":[275],"corresponds":[277],"performance":[280],"improvement":[281],"33":[283],"105":[285],"times":[286],"compared":[287],"previous":[289],"implementations,":[293],"respectively.":[294]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}