{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963133108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2724660.2724664","title":"Mathematical Language Processing","display_name":"Mathematical Language Processing","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963133108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2724660.2724664","mag":"2963133108"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2724660.2724664","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2724660.2724664","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Second (2015) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063813962","display_name":"Andrew Lan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8475-6600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew S. Lan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University, Houston, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University, Houston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008739951","display_name":"Divyanshu Vats","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Divyanshu Vats","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University, Houston, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University, Houston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061631706","display_name":"Andrew E. Waters","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew E. Waters","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University, Houston, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University, Houston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072713767","display_name":"Richard G. Baraniuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0721-8999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard G. Baraniuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University, Houston, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University, Houston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3459,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93177494,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"167","last_page":"176"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.777540922164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.7713302373886108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.7286339998245239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.5001773834228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39983612298965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34424299001693726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.34298795461654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.25691646337509155}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.777540922164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.7713302373886108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.7286339998245239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5001773834228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39983612298965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34424299001693726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34298795461654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.25691646337509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2724660.2724664","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2724660.2724664","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Second (2015) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13912077","https://openalex.org/W173675007","https://openalex.org/W190008395","https://openalex.org/W832120473","https://openalex.org/W980050966","https://openalex.org/W985875750","https://openalex.org/W990921887","https://openalex.org/W991014809","https://openalex.org/W1530333737","https://openalex.org/W1535520578","https://openalex.org/W1562748096","https://openalex.org/W1621198417","https://openalex.org/W1680797894","https://openalex.org/W1732828232","https://openalex.org/W1848160292","https://openalex.org/W1853439565","https://openalex.org/W1856293502","https://openalex.org/W1880262756","https://openalex.org/W1917829554","https://openalex.org/W1972087783","https://openalex.org/W1981846272","https://openalex.org/W1994740530","https://openalex.org/W1996469193","https://openalex.org/W1997020823","https://openalex.org/W1998297147","https://openalex.org/W2012312630","https://openalex.org/W2032780221","https://openalex.org/W2045656233","https://openalex.org/W2055649873","https://openalex.org/W2061922307","https://openalex.org/W2115733813","https://openalex.org/W2126344546","https://openalex.org/W2127374659","https://openalex.org/W2132827946","https://openalex.org/W2142122858","https://openalex.org/W2150286230","https://openalex.org/W2162055787","https://openalex.org/W2163644476","https://openalex.org/W2164972124","https://openalex.org/W2165232124","https://openalex.org/W2165874743","https://openalex.org/W2166164009","https://openalex.org/W2183293350","https://openalex.org/W2264759403","https://openalex.org/W2273777782","https://openalex.org/W2293481380","https://openalex.org/W2311065488","https://openalex.org/W2334889010","https://openalex.org/W2339117080","https://openalex.org/W2374585186","https://openalex.org/W2407248755","https://openalex.org/W2407321218","https://openalex.org/W2612972698","https://openalex.org/W2963112694","https://openalex.org/W2999905431","https://openalex.org/W4248681815","https://openalex.org/W4292414119"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1667647204","https://openalex.org/W2404647514","https://openalex.org/W4247536566","https://openalex.org/W4241418540","https://openalex.org/W2018477250","https://openalex.org/W3119814709","https://openalex.org/W1508895727","https://openalex.org/W2725786787","https://openalex.org/W1590965489","https://openalex.org/W1875930651"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"computer":[1],"and":[2,18,26,57,87,113,151,166,188,210,235],"communication":[3],"technologies":[4],"have":[5],"provided":[6],"effective":[7],"means":[8],"to":[9,77,90,123,143,224,231,242],"scale":[10],"up":[11],"many":[12],"aspects":[13],"of":[14,20,39,44,75,81,97,106,132,147,203,206,218,229],"education,":[15],"the":[16,37,42,79,94,104,138,145,176,200,226,249],"submission":[17],"grading":[19,41],"assessments":[21],"such":[22],"as":[23],"homework":[24],"assignments":[25],"tests":[27],"remains":[28],"a":[29,72,130,195,207,216],"weak":[30],"link.":[31],"In":[32],"this":[33],"paper,":[34],"we":[35,119,136,173,197],"study":[36],"problem":[38],"automatically":[40,174],"kinds":[43],"open":[45,125],"response":[46,126],"mathematical":[47,64,127],"questions":[48],"that":[49,161],"figure":[50],"prominently":[51],"in":[52,253],"STEM":[53],"(science,":[54],"technology,":[55],"engineering,":[56],"mathematics)":[58],"courses.":[59],"Our":[60],"data-driven":[61],"framework":[62],"for":[63,110],"language":[65,108],"processing":[66,109],"(MLP)":[67],"leverages":[68,162],"solution":[69,122,209],"data":[70,112,241],"from":[71,103,140,215],"large":[73,179],"number":[74,180],"learners":[76],"evaluate":[78],"correctness":[80],"their":[82,185],"solutions,":[83,220],"assign":[84],"partial-credit":[85],"scores,":[86],"provide":[88],"feedback":[89],"each":[91,121,204],"learner":[92],"on":[93,169,184,238],"likely":[95,227],"locations":[96,228],"any":[98],"errors.":[99],"MLP":[100,237],"takes":[101],"inspiration":[102],"success":[105],"natural":[107],"text":[111],"comprises":[114],"three":[115],"main":[116],"steps.":[117],"First,":[118],"convert":[120],"an":[124],"question":[128],"into":[129],"series":[131],"numerical":[133],"features.":[134],"Second,":[135],"cluster":[137,187,201,217],"features":[139],"several":[141],"solutions":[142,182],"uncover":[144],"structures":[146],"correct,":[148,150],"partially":[149],"incorrect":[152],"solutions.":[153],"We":[154,233],"develop":[155],"two":[156],"different":[157],"clustering":[158,164],"approaches,":[159],"one":[160,167,189],"generic":[163],"algorithms":[165],"based":[168,183],"Bayesian":[170],"nonparametrics.":[171],"Third,":[172],"grade":[175,191],"remaining":[177],"(potentially":[178],"of)":[181],"assigned":[186],"instructor-provided":[190],"per":[192],"cluster.":[193],"As":[194],"bonus,":[196],"can":[198,246],"track":[199],"assignment":[202],"step":[205],"multistep":[208],"determine":[211],"when":[212],"it":[213,245],"departs":[214],"correct":[219],"which":[221],"enables":[222],"us":[223],"indicate":[225],"errors":[230],"learners.":[232],"test":[234],"validate":[236],"real-world":[239],"MOOC":[240],"demonstrate":[243],"how":[244],"substantially":[247],"reduce":[248],"human":[250],"effort":[251],"required":[252],"large-scale":[254],"educational":[255],"platforms.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}