{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1984484365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2723872.2723885","title":"Apt","display_name":"Apt","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1984484365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2723872.2723885","mag":"1984484365"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2723872.2723885","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2723872.2723885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S50071195","display_name":"ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review","issn_l":"0163-5980","issn":["0163-5980","1943-586X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002834603","display_name":"Robert Ricci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6904-5192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Ricci","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah","University of Utah, Salt Lake City , Utah,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City , Utah,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089678577","display_name":"Gary Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0383-5826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah","University of Utah, Salt Lake City , Utah,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City , Utah,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014821776","display_name":"Leigh Stoller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5731-2011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leigh Stoller","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah","University of Utah, Salt Lake City , Utah,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City , Utah,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087259803","display_name":"Kirk Webb","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kirk Webb","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah","University of Utah, Salt Lake City , Utah,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City , Utah,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064189204","display_name":"Jonathon Duerig","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathon Duerig","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah","University of Utah, Salt Lake City , Utah,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City , Utah,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058339573","display_name":"Keith Downie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keith Downie","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah","University of Utah, Salt Lake City , Utah,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City , Utah,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056495224","display_name":"Mike Hibler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike Hibler","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah","University of Utah, Salt Lake City , Utah,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City , Utah,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.5361,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98164927,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"1","first_page":"100","last_page":"107"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9098026156425476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.6105962991714478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5742049813270569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4528449773788452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4507210850715637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.43925541639328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3580033779144287}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9098026156425476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.6105962991714478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5742049813270569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4528449773788452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4507210850715637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.43925541639328003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3580033779144287}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2723872.2723885","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2723872.2723885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S50071195","display_name":"ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review","issn_l":"0163-5980","issn":["0163-5980","1943-586X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W159356931","https://openalex.org/W159719520","https://openalex.org/W186350922","https://openalex.org/W1507657872","https://openalex.org/W1576397915","https://openalex.org/W1868813685","https://openalex.org/W1970705443","https://openalex.org/W1971700225","https://openalex.org/W1972041827","https://openalex.org/W1979461729","https://openalex.org/W2039667531","https://openalex.org/W2040463770","https://openalex.org/W2081962834","https://openalex.org/W2088001805","https://openalex.org/W2110307874","https://openalex.org/W2112806232","https://openalex.org/W2141663041","https://openalex.org/W2153530968","https://openalex.org/W2158532686","https://openalex.org/W2187364461","https://openalex.org/W2913847648","https://openalex.org/W6606541633","https://openalex.org/W7055024897"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3096456556","https://openalex.org/W4240253816","https://openalex.org/W2169584677","https://openalex.org/W1713081424","https://openalex.org/W2132806979","https://openalex.org/W2127315869","https://openalex.org/W1523769955","https://openalex.org/W2245390655","https://openalex.org/W4379536100","https://openalex.org/W188282463"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Repeating":[0],"research":[1,171],"in":[2,17,75,128],"computer":[3,148],"science":[4,149],"requires":[5,13],"more":[6,49],"than":[7],"just":[8],"code":[9],"and":[10,37,62,181],"data:":[11],"it":[12,30,46],"an":[14,56,122],"appropriate":[15],"environment":[16,26,53,123],"which":[18,129],"to":[19,90,117,126,187],"run":[20,134],"experiments.":[21],"In":[22,42],"some":[23],"cases,":[24,44],"this":[25,138],"appears":[27],"fairly":[28],"straightforward:":[29],"consists":[31],"of":[32,39,65,73,77,106,160,169,176],"a":[33,174],"particular":[34],"operating":[35],"system":[36],"set":[38,175],"required":[40],"libraries.":[41],"many":[43],"however,":[45],"is":[47,112],"considerably":[48],"complex:":[50],"the":[51,66,85,107,130,147,157,167],"execution":[52],"may":[54,59,69,95],"be":[55,91,96,136],"entire":[57],"network,":[58],"involve":[60],"complex":[61],"fragile":[63],"configuration":[64],"dependencies,":[67],"or":[68,82,98],"require":[70],"large":[71],"amounts":[72],"resources":[74],"terms":[76],"computation":[78],"cycles,":[79],"network":[80],"bandwidth,":[81],"storage.":[83],"Even":[84],"\"straightforward\"":[86],"case":[87],"turns":[88],"out":[89],"surprisingly":[92],"intricate:":[93],"there":[94],"explicit":[97,158],"hidden":[99],"dependencies":[100],"on":[101],"compilers,":[102],"kernel":[103],"quirks,":[104],"details":[105],"ISA,":[108],"etc.":[109],"The":[110],"result":[111],"that":[113,155,185],"when":[114],"one":[115,127,183],"tries":[116],"repeat":[118],"published":[119],"results,":[120],"creating":[121],"sufficiently":[124],"similar":[125],"experiment":[131],"was":[132],"originally":[133],"can":[135],"troublesome;":[137],"problem":[139,168],"only":[140],"gets":[141],"worse":[142],"as":[143],"time":[144],"passes.":[145],"What":[146],"community":[150],"needs,":[151],"then,":[152],"are":[153],"environments":[154],"have":[156],"goal":[159],"enabling":[161],"repeatable":[162,170],"research.":[163],"This":[164],"paper":[165],"outlines":[166],"environments,":[172,180],"presents":[173],"requirements":[177],"for":[178],"such":[179],"describes":[182],"facility":[184],"attempts":[186],"address":[188],"them.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
