{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2013961095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2714576.2714582","title":"Software Watermarking using Return-Oriented Programming","display_name":"Software Watermarking using Return-Oriented Programming","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-04-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2013961095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2714576.2714582","mag":"2013961095"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2714576.2714582","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2714576.2714582","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th ACM Symposium on Information, Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3633&context=sis_research","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053136902","display_name":"Haoyu Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8153-1406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyu Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043198742","display_name":"Kangjie Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4763-7354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kangjie Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA","[School of Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101352997","display_name":"Xinjie Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9337-4289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["CN","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinjie Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China & School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore","College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China & School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China & School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279","https://openalex.org/I79891267"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China & School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100664371","display_name":"Haining Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2132-8091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haining Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005646333","display_name":"Chunfu Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5588-9690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28813325","display_name":"Civil Aviation University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/03je71k37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28813325"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunfu Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, & Information Security Evaluation Center of Civil Aviation, Civil Aviation University of China, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Control Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, & Information Security Evaluation Center of Civil Aviation, Civil Aviation University of China, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279","https://openalex.org/I28813325"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079108949","display_name":"Debin Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9412-9961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Sinpapore, Singapore","School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Sinpapore, Singapore#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Sinpapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Sinpapore, Singapore#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"369","last_page":"380"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.8985457420349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8371380567550659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.6529551148414612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.6516497135162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.6191328763961792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.589053750038147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5839213132858276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-hiding","display_name":"Information hiding","score":0.465760737657547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.41114065051078796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.38912391662597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3880711793899536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3682854473590851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1578623354434967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14573261141777039}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.8985457420349121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8371380567550659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.6529551148414612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6516497135162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.6191328763961792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.589053750038147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5839213132858276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.465760737657547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.41114065051078796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.38912391662597656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3880711793899536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3682854473590851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1578623354434967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14573261141777039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2714576.2714582","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2714576.2714582","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th ACM Symposium on Information, Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-3633","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3633&context=sis_research","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401925","display_name":"Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2714576.2714582","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-3633","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3633&context=sis_research","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401925","display_name":"Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2714576.2714582","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W54139165","https://openalex.org/W109909280","https://openalex.org/W173413620","https://openalex.org/W1489356009","https://openalex.org/W1514023947","https://openalex.org/W1515653707","https://openalex.org/W1862568640","https://openalex.org/W1882240703","https://openalex.org/W1953670109","https://openalex.org/W1963947298","https://openalex.org/W1968002620","https://openalex.org/W1982829328","https://openalex.org/W1996931407","https://openalex.org/W2019763646","https://openalex.org/W2061948404","https://openalex.org/W2066784081","https://openalex.org/W2084939909","https://openalex.org/W2086968222","https://openalex.org/W2089448621","https://openalex.org/W2096196901","https://openalex.org/W2099382052","https://openalex.org/W2119251836","https://openalex.org/W2121468041","https://openalex.org/W2138517425","https://openalex.org/W2141389113","https://openalex.org/W2156897720","https://openalex.org/W2162800072","https://openalex.org/W2165069015","https://openalex.org/W2523687998","https://openalex.org/W6641013258"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W2040356834","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W2381486749","https://openalex.org/W1514507288","https://openalex.org/W2183032046"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"a":[2],"novel":[3],"dynamic":[4],"software":[5],"watermarking":[6,16,48,60],"design":[7,14,83],"based":[8,75],"on":[9,76],"Return-Oriented":[10],"Programming":[11],"(ROP).":[12],"Our":[13],"formats":[15],"code":[17,61,77],"into":[18,65],"well-crafted":[19],"data":[20,26,66],"arrangements":[21],"that":[22,81],"look":[23],"like":[24],"normal":[25],"but":[27,91],"could":[28],"be":[29],"triggered":[30],"to":[31,97],"execute.":[32],"Once":[33],"triggered,":[34],"the":[35,41,59,98],"pre-constructed":[36],"ROP":[37],"execution":[38],"will":[39],"recover":[40],"hidden":[42],"watermark":[43],"message.":[44],"The":[45],"proposed":[46],"ROP-based":[47],"technique":[49],"is":[50,62],"more":[51],"stealthy":[52],"and":[53,68,89],"resilient":[54],"over":[55],"existing":[56],"techniques":[57],"since":[58],"allocated":[63],"dynamically":[64],"region":[67],"therefore":[69],"out":[70],"of":[71,73],"reach":[72],"attacks":[74],"analysis.":[78],"Evaluations":[79],"show":[80],"our":[82],"not":[84],"only":[85],"achieves":[86],"satisfying":[87],"stealth":[88],"resilience,":[90],"also":[92],"causes":[93],"significantly":[94],"lower":[95],"overhead":[96],"watermarked":[99],"program.":[100]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}