{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2032505690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702357","title":"Optimizing Touchscreen Keyboards for Gesture Typing","display_name":"Optimizing Touchscreen Keyboards for Gesture Typing","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-04-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2032505690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702357","mag":"2032505690"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2702123.2702357","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702357","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2702357&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2702357&type=pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063454149","display_name":"Brian A. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2540-0839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian A. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University &amp; Google, Inc., New York City, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University &amp; Google, Inc., New York City, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016901770","display_name":"Xiaojun Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9716-7709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojun Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005293560","display_name":"Shumin Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0752-2090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shumin Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.3277,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96402685,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3365","last_page":"3374"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.9512993693351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7516453266143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/touchscreen","display_name":"Touchscreen","score":0.686619222164154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.6199744939804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture-recognition","display_name":"Gesture recognition","score":0.5535736083984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5431745052337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.5130883455276489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.482189804315567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4546341300010681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/typing","display_name":"Typing","score":0.4488730728626251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.42976146936416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42046529054641724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.41591739654541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.41369712352752686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3824189007282257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1043475866317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1027781069278717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.06538018584251404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.06537994742393494}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.9512993693351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7516453266143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778539339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165970","display_name":"Touchscreen","level":2,"score":0.686619222164154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.6199744939804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.5535736083984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5431745052337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.5130883455276489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.482189804315567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4546341300010681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781209916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3215756","display_name":"Typing","level":2,"score":0.4488730728626251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.42976146936416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42046529054641724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.41591739654541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41369712352752686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3824189007282257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1043475866317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1027781069278717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.06538018584251404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.06537994742393494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2702123.2702357","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702357","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2702357&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2702123.2702357","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702357","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2702357&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2032505690.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2032505690.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1550321890","https://openalex.org/W1590330054","https://openalex.org/W1984520644","https://openalex.org/W1996212617","https://openalex.org/W2001340812","https://openalex.org/W2012241589","https://openalex.org/W2041323237","https://openalex.org/W2045522158","https://openalex.org/W2050188448","https://openalex.org/W2054731618","https://openalex.org/W2124810338","https://openalex.org/W2125904902","https://openalex.org/W2133495565","https://openalex.org/W2134512786","https://openalex.org/W2134549953","https://openalex.org/W2136834268","https://openalex.org/W2138309709","https://openalex.org/W2153795273","https://openalex.org/W2154828295","https://openalex.org/W2165645720","https://openalex.org/W2182784532","https://openalex.org/W2487287740","https://openalex.org/W3133437545","https://openalex.org/W4233649860"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013361793","https://openalex.org/W2902873204","https://openalex.org/W2185750513","https://openalex.org/W3147379364","https://openalex.org/W2010878661","https://openalex.org/W2026258298","https://openalex.org/W3204639664","https://openalex.org/W2970836791","https://openalex.org/W2805039731","https://openalex.org/W2989699735"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"its":[1],"growing":[2],"popularity,":[3],"gesture":[4,16,45,56,74,81,85],"typing":[5,46],"suffers":[6],"from":[7],"a":[8,44,67,113],"major":[9],"problem":[10],"not":[11],"present":[12],"in":[13],"touch":[14],"typing:":[15],"ambiguity":[17],"on":[18,66],"the":[19,32,37,53,71,107],"Qwerty":[20,41,88],"keyboard.":[21,47],"By":[22],"applying":[23],"rigorous":[24],"mathematical":[25],"optimization":[26,33,108],"methods,":[27],"this":[28,110],"paper":[29],"systematically":[30],"investigates":[31],"space":[34],"related":[35],"to":[36,105],"accuracy,":[38],"speed,":[39,82],"and":[40,87,98,121],"similarity":[42],"of":[43,73,115],"Our":[48],"investigation":[49],"shows":[50],"that":[51,123],"optimizing":[52],"layout":[54],"for":[55],"clarity":[57],"(a":[58],"metric":[59],"measuring":[60],"how":[61],"unique":[62],"word":[63],"gestures":[64],"are":[65],"keyboard)":[68],"drastically":[69],"improves":[70],"accuracy":[72],"typing.":[75],"Moreover,":[76],"if":[77],"we":[78,90],"also":[79],"accommodate":[80],"or":[83],"both":[84],"speed":[86],"similarity,":[89],"can":[91,124],"still":[92],"reduce":[93],"error":[94],"rates":[95],"by":[96],"52%":[97],"37%":[99],"over":[100],"Qwerty,":[101],"respectively.":[102],"In":[103],"addition":[104],"investigating":[106],"space,":[109],"work":[111],"contributes":[112],"set":[114],"optimized":[116],"layouts":[117],"such":[118],"as":[119],"GK-D":[120],"GK-T":[122],"immediately":[125],"benefit":[126],"mobile":[127],"device":[128],"users.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
