{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1979777715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2701423","title":"Picture Gesture Authentication","display_name":"Picture Gesture Authentication","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1979777715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2701423","mag":"1979777715"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2701423","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2701423","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2701423","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2642811","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","issn_l":"1094-9224","issn":["1094-9224","1557-7406"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2701423","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073603754","display_name":"Ziming Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4930-5556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziming Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025770693","display_name":"Gail\u2010Joon Ahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4271-1666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gail-Joon Ahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056657952","display_name":"Hongxin Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8710-247X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongxin Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clemson University, Clemson, USA","[Clemson University, Clemson, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clemson University, Clemson, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Clemson University, Clemson, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5011,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96364562,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10803","display_name":"Innovative Human-Technology Interaction","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8676021695137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.8555654883384705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.7247072458267212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6635197401046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/login","display_name":"Login","score":0.5779088139533997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-password","display_name":"Cognitive password","score":0.5754079222679138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5387327075004578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/challenge\u2013response-authentication","display_name":"Challenge\u2013response authentication","score":0.47286438941955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.42342475056648254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.41516348719596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31572282314300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.28918546438217163}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8676021695137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.8555654883384705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.7247072458267212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6635197401046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113324615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472302","display_name":"Login","level":2,"score":0.5779088139533997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23875713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141232","display_name":"Cognitive password","level":5,"score":0.5754079222679138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5387327075004578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131129157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059963","display_name":"Challenge\u2013response authentication","level":4,"score":0.47286438941955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.42342475056648254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.41516348719596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31572282314300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.28918546438217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2701423","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2701423","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2701423","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2642811","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","issn_l":"1094-9224","issn":["1094-9224","1557-7406"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2701423","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2701423","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2701423","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2642811","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","issn_l":"1094-9224","issn":["1094-9224","1557-7406"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G682889753","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014K1A1A2043029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8985097758","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2014K1A1A2043029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1979777715.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1979777715.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22745672","https://openalex.org/W32836389","https://openalex.org/W128619364","https://openalex.org/W167157979","https://openalex.org/W170161968","https://openalex.org/W563958770","https://openalex.org/W1485033854","https://openalex.org/W1503108337","https://openalex.org/W1548573590","https://openalex.org/W1560940245","https://openalex.org/W1626992774","https://openalex.org/W1627695629","https://openalex.org/W1913277953","https://openalex.org/W1921097329","https://openalex.org/W1990935444","https://openalex.org/W2019578814","https://openalex.org/W2022580268","https://openalex.org/W2026939551","https://openalex.org/W2028849308","https://openalex.org/W2030112111","https://openalex.org/W2044798763","https://openalex.org/W2048755632","https://openalex.org/W2054626033","https://openalex.org/W2063608179","https://openalex.org/W2065429801","https://openalex.org/W2066624635","https://openalex.org/W2076868093","https://openalex.org/W2077414235","https://openalex.org/W2091833612","https://openalex.org/W2092127673","https://openalex.org/W2108759546","https://openalex.org/W2111465783","https://openalex.org/W2112767991","https://openalex.org/W2115034095","https://openalex.org/W2115218409","https://openalex.org/W2116371103","https://openalex.org/W2117436924","https://openalex.org/W2123144012","https://openalex.org/W2124192318","https://openalex.org/W2124945516","https://openalex.org/W2126453598","https://openalex.org/W2129088386","https://openalex.org/W2131254288","https://openalex.org/W2134331592","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2152337449","https://openalex.org/W2159335031","https://openalex.org/W2160343382","https://openalex.org/W2161032904","https://openalex.org/W2161185676","https://openalex.org/W2163391293","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2168969969","https://openalex.org/W2171133282","https://openalex.org/W2335110595","https://openalex.org/W2567978322","https://openalex.org/W2854337066","https://openalex.org/W2914590344","https://openalex.org/W3097096317"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2115218409","https://openalex.org/W2183044514","https://openalex.org/W165936246","https://openalex.org/W2090949570","https://openalex.org/W2596869006","https://openalex.org/W2417837167","https://openalex.org/W2969720675","https://openalex.org/W2945948711","https://openalex.org/W2132015192","https://openalex.org/W2008980859"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Picture":[0],"gesture":[1,47,92,144],"authentication":[2,33,48,93,145],"has":[3],"been":[4],"recently":[5],"introduced":[6],"as":[7],"an":[8,31,42],"alternative":[9,32],"login":[10],"experience":[11],"to":[12,34],"text-based":[13,38],"password":[14],"on":[15,22,49,66,85,99,133],"touch-screen":[16],"devices.":[17],"In":[18],"particular,":[19],"the":[20,67,100,118,134],"newly":[21],"market":[23],"Microsoft":[24],"Windows":[25],"8\u2122":[26],"operating":[27],"system":[28],"adopts":[29],"such":[30],"complement":[35],"its":[36,156],"traditional":[37],"authentication.":[39],"We":[40],"present":[41],"empirical":[43,135],"analysis":[44,136],"of":[45,69,82,102,126,149,155],"picture":[46,53,91,112,127,143],"more":[50,57],"than":[51,58],"10,000":[52],"passwords":[54,84,128],"collected":[55],"from":[56],"800":[59],"subjects":[60],"through":[61],"online":[62],"user":[63,71],"studies.":[64],"Based":[65,132],"findings":[68],"our":[70],"studies,":[72],"we":[73,140],"propose":[74],"a":[75,90,123,147,152],"novel":[76],"attack":[77,138],"framework":[78],"that":[79,105],"is":[80,97],"capable":[81],"cracking":[83],"previously":[86],"unseen":[87],"pictures":[88],"in":[89,110],"system.":[94],"Our":[95,114],"approach":[96,120],"based":[98],"concept":[101],"selection":[103],"function":[104],"models":[106],"users\u2019":[107],"thought":[108],"processes":[109],"selecting":[111],"passwords.":[113],"evaluation":[115],"results":[116],"show":[117],"proposed":[119],"could":[121],"crack":[122],"considerable":[124],"portion":[125],"under":[129],"different":[130],"settings.":[131],"and":[137,158],"results,":[139],"comparatively":[141],"evaluate":[142],"using":[146],"set":[148],"criteria":[150],"for":[151],"better":[153],"understanding":[154],"advantages":[157],"limitations.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}