{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2205176590","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2699696","title":"Documenting Design-Pattern Instances","display_name":"Documenting Design-Pattern Instances","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2205176590","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2699696","mag":"2205176590"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2699696","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2699696","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082957347","display_name":"Giuseppe Scanniello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0024-7508"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20272500","display_name":"University of Basilicata","ror":"https://ror.org/03tc05689","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20272500"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Scanniello","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20272500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012888719","display_name":"Carmine Gravino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4394-9035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carmine Gravino","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023477042","display_name":"Michele Risi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1114-3480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Risi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074856207","display_name":"Genoveffa Tortora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4765-8371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Genoveffa Tortora","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109357479","display_name":"Gabriella Dodero","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171543936","display_name":"Free University of Bozen-Bolzano","ror":"https://ror.org/012ajp527","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171543936"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriella Dodero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Free University of Bozen-bolzano, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Free University of Bozen-bolzano, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171543936"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.8148,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98596746,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"35"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.796911358833313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.6172494888305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/documentation","display_name":"Documentation","score":0.617081880569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.6024807691574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-design-pattern","display_name":"Software design pattern","score":0.5995632410049438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unified-modeling-language","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","score":0.5772861838340759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-diagram","display_name":"Class diagram","score":0.5622971653938293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5279380679130554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5008268356323242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.5000772476196289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-comprehension","display_name":"Program comprehension","score":0.47320860624313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.3620563745498657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.25568363070487976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22755396366119385}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.796911358833313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.6172494888305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.617081880569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.6024807691574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146054899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181156","display_name":"Software design pattern","level":3,"score":0.5995632410049438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145644426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169411","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","level":3,"score":0.5772861838340759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202446494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664166","display_name":"Class diagram","level":4,"score":0.5622971653938293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5279380679130554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5008268356323242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5000772476196289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.47320860624313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3620563745498657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.25568363070487976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22755396366119385}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2699696","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2699696","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142627899","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","issn_l":"1049-331X","issn":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.39UBZ_INST:11291598180001241","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2699696","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"View","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unibas.it:11563/111146","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11563/111146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196360","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Basilicata)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I20272500","host_organization_name":"University of Basilicata","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20272500"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":92,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W24581317","https://openalex.org/W76834769","https://openalex.org/W103650626","https://openalex.org/W170749380","https://openalex.org/W578092267","https://openalex.org/W1486756110","https://openalex.org/W1511267087","https://openalex.org/W1528080797","https://openalex.org/W1528580914","https://openalex.org/W1530489096","https://openalex.org/W1649645444","https://openalex.org/W1746353556","https://openalex.org/W1783768447","https://openalex.org/W1842503650","https://openalex.org/W1956559956","https://openalex.org/W1967931023","https://openalex.org/W1968966691","https://openalex.org/W1968983388","https://openalex.org/W1970844071","https://openalex.org/W1981177989","https://openalex.org/W1985558141","https://openalex.org/W1987604705","https://openalex.org/W1990229061","https://openalex.org/W1991369112","https://openalex.org/W1995861034","https://openalex.org/W1995916101","https://openalex.org/W2007969951","https://openalex.org/W2009390220","https://openalex.org/W2013956092","https://openalex.org/W2019692058","https://openalex.org/W2023617068","https://openalex.org/W2025865172","https://openalex.org/W2031159308","https://openalex.org/W2031838112","https://openalex.org/W2037922987","https://openalex.org/W2039998066","https://openalex.org/W2040918468","https://openalex.org/W2043224646","https://openalex.org/W2043400324","https://openalex.org/W2054805201","https://openalex.org/W2061643308","https://openalex.org/W2066707382","https://openalex.org/W2067002081","https://openalex.org/W2076188829","https://openalex.org/W2077342771","https://openalex.org/W2077924088","https://openalex.org/W2090248238","https://openalex.org/W2094822024","https://openalex.org/W2097750323","https://openalex.org/W2099358823","https://openalex.org/W2103107119","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2109700483","https://openalex.org/W2111199933","https://openalex.org/W2113533445","https://openalex.org/W2114409733","https://openalex.org/W2115796408","https://openalex.org/W2116541267","https://openalex.org/W2116954460","https://openalex.org/W2120682255","https://openalex.org/W2135093973","https://openalex.org/W2138666285","https://openalex.org/W2140017498","https://openalex.org/W2140068196","https://openalex.org/W2140984588","https://openalex.org/W2145766279","https://openalex.org/W2146188227","https://openalex.org/W2146494438","https://openalex.org/W2147617769","https://openalex.org/W2147823926","https://openalex.org/W2153523756","https://openalex.org/W2158202016","https://openalex.org/W2159306398","https://openalex.org/W2159328242","https://openalex.org/W2160182024","https://openalex.org/W2161222712","https://openalex.org/W2162363818","https://openalex.org/W2163309370","https://openalex.org/W2163412611","https://openalex.org/W2163851162","https://openalex.org/W2164425715","https://openalex.org/W2167926541","https://openalex.org/W2168745915","https://openalex.org/W2170555906","https://openalex.org/W2171621452","https://openalex.org/W4242080301","https://openalex.org/W4242145216","https://openalex.org/W4244707833","https://openalex.org/W4291213652","https://openalex.org/W4299627282","https://openalex.org/W6630481227","https://openalex.org/W6631605905"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379755045","https://openalex.org/W2387087283","https://openalex.org/W2122804569","https://openalex.org/W2164169094","https://openalex.org/W2370069317","https://openalex.org/W1968959699","https://openalex.org/W171034005","https://openalex.org/W1992980525","https://openalex.org/W2391415470","https://openalex.org/W1529882880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Design":[0],"patterns":[1,46,121],"are":[2,139],"recognized":[3],"as":[4,144],"a":[5,30,60,94],"means":[6],"to":[7,37,92],"improve":[8],"software":[9,100],"maintenance":[10],"by":[11],"furnishing":[12],"an":[13,98,154,166],"explicit":[14],"specification":[15],"of":[16,42,62,97,118,158,169],"class":[17,134],"and":[18,21,74,77,90],"object":[19],"interactions":[20],"their":[22],"underlying":[23],"intent":[24],"[Gamma":[25],"et":[26],"al.":[27],"1995].":[28],"Only":[29],"few":[31],"empirical":[32],"investigations":[33],"have":[34],"been":[35],"conducted":[36,59],"assess":[38],"whether":[39],"the":[40,83,104,119,124],"kind":[41],"documentation":[43],"for":[44,162],"design":[45,120],"implemented":[47,122],"in":[48,156],"source":[49,125,142,160],"code":[50,143,161],"affects":[51],"its":[52],"comprehensibility.":[53],"To":[54],"investigate":[55],"this":[56],"aspect,":[57],"we":[58],"family":[61],"four":[63],"controlled":[64],"experiments":[65],"with":[66,113,132,165],"88":[67],"participants":[68,84,164],"having":[69],"different":[70],"experience":[71],"(i.e.,":[72],"professionals":[73],"Bachelor,":[75],"Master,":[76],"PhD":[78],"students).":[79],"In":[80],"each":[81,106],"experiment,":[82],"were":[85],"divided":[86],"into":[87],"three":[88],"groups":[89],"asked":[91],"comprehend":[93],"nontrivial":[95],"chunk":[96],"open-source":[99],"system.":[101],"Depending":[102],"on":[103],"group,":[105],"participant":[107],"was,":[108],"or":[109,115],"was":[110],"not,":[111],"provided":[112],"graphical":[114],"textual":[116],"representations":[117],"within":[123],"code.":[126],"We":[127],"graphically":[128],"documented":[129,137],"design-pattern":[130,151],"instances":[131,138,152],"UML":[133],"diagrams.":[135],"Textually":[136],"directly":[140],"reported":[141],"comments.":[145],"Our":[146],"results":[147],"indicate":[148],"that":[149],"documenting":[150],"yields":[153],"improvement":[155],"correctness":[157],"understanding":[159],"those":[163],"adequate":[167],"level":[168],"experience.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
