{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2267240189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2699444","title":"Monitoring Metric First-Order Temporal Properties","display_name":"Monitoring Metric First-Order Temporal Properties","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2267240189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2699444","mag":"2267240189"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2699444","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2699444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118992489","display_name":"Journal of the ACM","issn_l":"0004-5411","issn":["0004-5411","1557-735X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025344654","display_name":"David Basin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2952-939X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Basin","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016636619","display_name":"Felix Klaedtke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164122","display_name":"NEC (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hxss661","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347220","https://openalex.org/I4210164122"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix Klaedtke","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich and NEC Europe Ltd., Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich and NEC Europe Ltd., Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164122"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047479105","display_name":"Samuel M\u00fcller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3087-8127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel M\u00fcller","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich and Scandit AG, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich and Scandit AG, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083266867","display_name":"Eugen Z\u0103linescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2312-5661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eugen Z\u0103linescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025344654"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.4427,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":168,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99453518,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"45"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7487504482269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-logic","display_name":"Temporal logic","score":0.6865139007568359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negation","display_name":"Negation","score":0.5794852375984192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specification-language","display_name":"Specification language","score":0.5654410123825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fragment","display_name":"Fragment (logic)","score":0.5640459656715393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5607969760894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/runtime-verification","display_name":"Runtime verification","score":0.5431148409843445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-temporal-logic","display_name":"Linear temporal logic","score":0.5276687741279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.4771375358104706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nesting","display_name":"Nesting (process)","score":0.46764183044433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounded-function","display_name":"Bounded function","score":0.457690566778183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.44290614128112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4386856257915497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.43867436051368713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-checking","display_name":"Model checking","score":0.41954416036605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3744997978210449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.254496693611145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1595921814441681}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7487504482269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25016198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781833","display_name":"Temporal logic","level":2,"score":0.6865139007568359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2185349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190558","display_name":"Negation","level":2,"score":0.5794852375984192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201677973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209840","display_name":"Specification language","level":2,"score":0.5654410123825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776235265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18392052","display_name":"Fragment (logic)","level":2,"score":0.5640459656715393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5607969760894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202973057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380130","display_name":"Runtime verification","level":3,"score":0.5431148409843445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4777664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1536492","display_name":"Linear temporal logic","level":2,"score":0.5276687741279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4771375358104706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776937656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2229669","display_name":"Nesting (process)","level":2,"score":0.46764183044433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.457690566778183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.44290614128112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4386856257915497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.43867436051368713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.41954416036605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3744997978210449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.254496693611145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1595921814441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2699444","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2699444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118992489","display_name":"Journal of the ACM","issn_l":"0004-5411","issn":["0004-5411","1557-735X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16991763","https://openalex.org/W123203000","https://openalex.org/W589555345","https://openalex.org/W1428796072","https://openalex.org/W1482613269","https://openalex.org/W1482831113","https://openalex.org/W1491593738","https://openalex.org/W1501731334","https://openalex.org/W1517606395","https://openalex.org/W1518884487","https://openalex.org/W1530380798","https://openalex.org/W1545975048","https://openalex.org/W1558832481","https://openalex.org/W1563579290","https://openalex.org/W1578881602","https://openalex.org/W1581671536","https://openalex.org/W1591941310","https://openalex.org/W1825341937","https://openalex.org/W1826622293","https://openalex.org/W1885037678","https://openalex.org/W1935502251","https://openalex.org/W1966217515","https://openalex.org/W1968448471","https://openalex.org/W1973026225","https://openalex.org/W1987469449","https://openalex.org/W1988961870","https://openalex.org/W1989051781","https://openalex.org/W1992614040","https://openalex.org/W2005062077","https://openalex.org/W2005440900","https://openalex.org/W2017960359","https://openalex.org/W2023808162","https://openalex.org/W2024753805","https://openalex.org/W2025315843","https://openalex.org/W2026533872","https://openalex.org/W2026629052","https://openalex.org/W2027769154","https://openalex.org/W2028637393","https://openalex.org/W2030263557","https://openalex.org/W2031188261","https://openalex.org/W2033709993","https://openalex.org/W2049452590","https://openalex.org/W2054655669","https://openalex.org/W2063150593","https://openalex.org/W2065603413","https://openalex.org/W2066266646","https://openalex.org/W2076853127","https://openalex.org/W2078356878","https://openalex.org/W2084033874","https://openalex.org/W2087492381","https://openalex.org/W2096063762","https://openalex.org/W2096094142","https://openalex.org/W2099395665","https://openalex.org/W2100579696","https://openalex.org/W2102447986","https://openalex.org/W2105461974","https://openalex.org/W2105505307","https://openalex.org/W2107552180","https://openalex.org/W2113012730","https://openalex.org/W2114370568","https://openalex.org/W2114768982","https://openalex.org/W2115965729","https://openalex.org/W2118962824","https://openalex.org/W2120127771","https://openalex.org/W2129517366","https://openalex.org/W2132281483","https://openalex.org/W2137591753","https://openalex.org/W2145063062","https://openalex.org/W2153385696","https://openalex.org/W2154765153","https://openalex.org/W2154811097","https://openalex.org/W2158381251","https://openalex.org/W2173213060","https://openalex.org/W2207666193","https://openalex.org/W2502658919","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2912325086","https://openalex.org/W2914206182","https://openalex.org/W3099832466","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2124110813","https://openalex.org/W2763487042","https://openalex.org/W2031188261","https://openalex.org/W3021103820","https://openalex.org/W4232446061","https://openalex.org/W4285022830","https://openalex.org/W2020883449","https://openalex.org/W2617181502","https://openalex.org/W2556150168","https://openalex.org/W2950238009"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Runtime":[0],"monitoring":[1,29,46,154],"is":[2],"a":[3,17,27,32,155],"general":[4],"approach":[5,97],"to":[6,50,92],"verifying":[7],"system":[8,14,161],"properties":[9],"at":[10],"runtime":[11,28],"by":[12],"comparing":[13],"events":[15],"against":[16],"specification":[18,56,149],"formalizing":[19],"which":[20,127],"event":[21],"sequences":[22],"are":[23],"allowed.":[24],"We":[25,113],"present":[26],"algorithm":[30],"for":[31,98,151],"safety":[33],"fragment":[34],"of":[35,44,53,68,81,105,122,158],"metric":[36,140],"first-order":[37,141],"temporal":[38,142],"logic":[39,143],"that":[40,139],"overcomes":[41],"the":[42,51,65,78,99,120,131],"limitations":[43],"prior":[45],"algorithms":[47],"with":[48],"respect":[49],"expressiveness":[52],"their":[54],"property":[55],"languages.":[57],"Our":[58],"approach,":[59],"based":[60],"on":[61,116],"automatic":[62],"structures,":[63],"allows":[64],"unrestricted":[66],"use":[67,93],"negation,":[69],"universal":[70],"and":[71,77,84,94,124,153],"existential":[72],"quantification":[73],"over":[74,109],"infinite":[75,111],"domains,":[76],"arbitrary":[79],"nesting":[80],"both":[82],"past":[83],"bounded":[85],"future":[86],"operators.":[87],"Furthermore,":[88],"we":[89,128],"show":[90,138],"how":[91],"optimize":[95],"our":[96,136],"common":[100],"case":[101,117],"where":[102],"structures":[103],"consist":[104],"only":[106],"finite":[107],"relations,":[108],"possibly":[110],"domains.":[112],"also":[114],"report":[115],"studies":[118],"from":[119],"domain":[121],"security":[123],"compliance":[125],"in":[126],"empirically":[129],"evaluate":[130],"presented":[132],"algorithms.":[133],"Taken":[134],"together,":[135],"results":[137],"can":[144],"serve":[145],"as":[146],"an":[147],"effective":[148],"language":[150],"expressing":[152],"wide":[156],"variety":[157],"practically":[159],"relevant":[160],"properties.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-27T09:02:27.158192","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}