{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2065749455","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2682628","title":"ImageSpirit","display_name":"ImageSpirit","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2065749455","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2682628","mag":"2065749455"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2682628","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2682628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1310.4389","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037131575","display_name":"Ming\u2010Ming Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5550-8758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming-Ming Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","University of Oxford , Oxford , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford , Oxford , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100726973","display_name":"Shuai Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1636-631X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","University of Oxford , Oxford , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford , Oxford , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068556469","display_name":"Wen-Yan Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124261462","display_name":"Oxford Brookes University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v2twj65","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Yan Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045147286","display_name":"Vibhav Vineet","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124261462","display_name":"Oxford Brookes University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v2twj65","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vibhav Vineet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111466194","display_name":"Paul Sturgess","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124261462","display_name":"Oxford Brookes University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v2twj65","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Sturgess","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050154865","display_name":"Nigel Crook","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0793-6616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124261462","display_name":"Oxford Brookes University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v2twj65","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nigel Crook","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058170430","display_name":"Niloy J. Mitra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2597-0914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niloy J. Mitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042899882","display_name":"Philip H. S. Torr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Torr","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","University of Oxford , Oxford , UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford , Oxford , UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9564,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9727699,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8186920881271362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.7566181421279907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6838725805282593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6340417861938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.6251943111419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noun","display_name":"Noun","score":0.6045774221420288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5270236730575562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5205998420715332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5195363163948059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.5115448236465454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.5011234283447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.45446744561195374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.4109462797641754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3870677351951599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3610648512840271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.0735984742641449}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8186920881271362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.7566181421279907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6838725805282593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6340417861938477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.6251943111419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121934690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1084","display_name":"Noun","level":2,"score":0.6045774221420288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5270236730575562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5205998420715332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5195363163948059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5115448236465454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5011234283447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.45446744561195374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.4109462797641754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3870677351951599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3610648512840271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0735984742641449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2682628","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2682628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1310.4389","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1310.4389","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1310.4389","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1310.4389","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1310.4389","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1310.4389","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5966034561","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SmartGeometry 335373","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","funder_display_name":"European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6714370467","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/I001107/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6927027569","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/I001107/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W125693051","https://openalex.org/W180990514","https://openalex.org/W1433660490","https://openalex.org/W1511986666","https://openalex.org/W1597421340","https://openalex.org/W1964772475","https://openalex.org/W1970369748","https://openalex.org/W1974689608","https://openalex.org/W1993120651","https://openalex.org/W1996309403","https://openalex.org/W1999295580","https://openalex.org/W1999360130","https://openalex.org/W1999478155","https://openalex.org/W2010181071","https://openalex.org/W2011032054","https://openalex.org/W2017814585","https://openalex.org/W2026019603","https://openalex.org/W2035773017","https://openalex.org/W2037954058","https://openalex.org/W2054279472","https://openalex.org/W2056860348","https://openalex.org/W2060095179","https://openalex.org/W2066134726","https://openalex.org/W2066159919","https://openalex.org/W2066477856","https://openalex.org/W2070148066","https://openalex.org/W2070173541","https://openalex.org/W2075834168","https://openalex.org/W2081293863","https://openalex.org/W2082394523","https://openalex.org/W2083597815","https://openalex.org/W2098411764","https://openalex.org/W2103490241","https://openalex.org/W2114930007","https://openalex.org/W2122146326","https://openalex.org/W2123126017","https://openalex.org/W2124351162","https://openalex.org/W2125560515","https://openalex.org/W2128783330","https://openalex.org/W2131743987","https://openalex.org/W2134270519","https://openalex.org/W2134921974","https://openalex.org/W2135643110","https://openalex.org/W2141311545","https://openalex.org/W2147901574","https://openalex.org/W2152411181","https://openalex.org/W2152463966","https://openalex.org/W2158823144","https://openalex.org/W2159793005","https://openalex.org/W2161236525","https://openalex.org/W2162762921","https://openalex.org/W2169551590","https://openalex.org/W2182822465","https://openalex.org/W2248816340","https://openalex.org/W2293828611","https://openalex.org/W2294819727","https://openalex.org/W2533218643","https://openalex.org/W2535516436","https://openalex.org/W2558687840","https://openalex.org/W2801844694","https://openalex.org/W2952793010","https://openalex.org/W3143107425","https://openalex.org/W4229731414","https://openalex.org/W4229844323","https://openalex.org/W4229991028","https://openalex.org/W4239147634","https://openalex.org/W4249965322","https://openalex.org/W4255357301","https://openalex.org/W4302039860","https://openalex.org/W4313401460","https://openalex.org/W4385490110","https://openalex.org/W4385490361","https://openalex.org/W4385490375","https://openalex.org/W7052261358"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388870064","https://openalex.org/W2210139803","https://openalex.org/W4235186151","https://openalex.org/W2054685365","https://openalex.org/W2056057048","https://openalex.org/W2667588871","https://openalex.org/W2272354214","https://openalex.org/W2084768720","https://openalex.org/W2043010663","https://openalex.org/W4248308508"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Humans":[0],"describe":[1],"images":[2,13,29,168],"in":[3],"terms":[4],"of":[5,17,37,76,87,117,132,166],"nouns":[6,55],"and":[7,44,59,81,137,191],"adjectives":[8,60],"while":[9],"algorithms":[10],"operate":[11],"on":[12,162],"represented":[14],"as":[15,56,61,74,101],"sets":[16],"pixels.":[18,48],"Bridging":[19],"this":[20,50],"gap":[21],"between":[22],"how":[23],"humans":[24],"would":[25],"like":[26],"to":[27,47,68,108,126,146,178],"access":[28],"versus":[30],"their":[31],"typical":[32],"representation":[33],"is":[34],"the":[35,70,98,111,175],"goal":[36],"image":[38,71,119],"parsing,":[39],"which":[40],"involves":[41],"assigning":[42],"object":[43,57,80],"attribute":[45,63,82],"labels":[46,58,83,100,123],"In":[49],"article":[51],"we":[52],"propose":[53,91],"treating":[54],"visual":[62],"labels.":[64],"This":[65,113],"allows":[66],"us":[67],"formulate":[69],"parsing":[72,116],"problem":[73],"one":[75],"jointly":[77],"estimating":[78],"per-pixel":[79],"from":[84],"a":[85,106,135,163,187,192],"set":[86],"training":[88],"images.":[89],"We":[90,158],"an":[92,118],"efficient":[93],"(interactive":[94],"time)":[95],"solution.":[96],"Using":[97],"extracted":[99],"handles,":[102],"our":[103,160],"system":[104,161],"empowers":[105],"user":[107,193],"verbally":[109],"refine":[110],"results.":[112],"enables":[114,134],"hands-free":[115],"into":[120],"pixel-wise":[121],"object/attribute":[122],"that":[124,141],"correspond":[125],"human":[127],"semantics.":[128],"Verbally":[129],"selecting":[130],"objects":[131],"interest":[133],"novel":[136],"natural":[138],"interaction":[139],"modality":[140],"can":[142],"possibly":[143],"be":[144],"used":[145],"interact":[147],"with":[148,169],"new":[149],"generation":[150],"devices":[151],"(e.g.,":[152],"smartphones,":[153],"Google":[154],"Glass,":[155],"livingroom":[156],"devices).":[157],"demonstrate":[159],"large":[164],"number":[165],"real-world":[167],"varying":[170],"complexity.":[171],"To":[172],"help":[173],"understand":[174],"trade-offs":[176],"compared":[177],"traditional":[179],"mouse-based":[180],"interactions,":[181],"results":[182],"are":[183],"reported":[184],"for":[185],"both":[186],"large-scale":[188],"quantitative":[189],"evaluation":[190],"study.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}