{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2046177002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2676723.2677227","title":"Recursion vs. Iteration","display_name":"Recursion vs. Iteration","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2046177002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2676723.2677227","mag":"2046177002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2676723.2677227","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2676723.2677227","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 46th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002274479","display_name":"Ren\u00e9e McCauley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2035-9160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204593131","display_name":"College of Charleston","ror":"https://ror.org/00390t168","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204593131"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Renee McCauley","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Charleston, Charleston, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Charleston, Charleston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204593131"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089373674","display_name":"Brian Hanks","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Hanks","raw_affiliation_strings":["BFH Educational Consulting, Seattle, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BFH Educational Consulting, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110494164","display_name":"Sue Fitzgerald","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99069390","display_name":"Metropolitan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/056rp9e47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91221267","https://openalex.org/I99069390"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sue Fitzgerald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Metropolitan State University, St. Paul, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Metropolitan State University, St. Paul, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99069390"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008592356","display_name":"Laurie Murphy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1752-0462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60065076","display_name":"Pacific Lutheran University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vh5nd96","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60065076"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laurie Murphy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60065076"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002274479"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204593131"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.198,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9661179,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"350","last_page":"355"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12171","display_name":"Open Education and E-Learning","score":0.9811000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recursion","display_name":"Recursion (computer science)","score":0.862313985824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6950405836105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5816783905029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-recursion","display_name":"Mutual recursion","score":0.5812408924102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recursive-partitioning","display_name":"Recursive partitioning","score":0.5581746101379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recursive-functions","display_name":"Recursive functions","score":0.5201735496520996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","score":0.4728410840034485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-comprehension","display_name":"Program comprehension","score":0.47199419140815735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.46706730127334595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.45184046030044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-method","display_name":"Iterative method","score":0.42070791125297546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4194570481777191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39157772064208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.37164828181266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.25446733832359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20417168736457825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.10712429881095886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.10358357429504395}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168773036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264164","display_name":"Recursion (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.862313985824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6950405836105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5816783905029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124416688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454656","display_name":"Mutual recursion","level":3,"score":0.5812408924102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137345334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7303350","display_name":"Recursive partitioning","level":2,"score":0.5581746101379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982939207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1175101","display_name":"Recursive functions","level":2,"score":0.5201735496520996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4728410840034485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.47199419140815735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.46706730127334595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.45184046030044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159694833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2321565","display_name":"Iterative method","level":2,"score":0.42070791125297546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4194570481777191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39157772064208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.37164828181266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.25446733832359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20417168736457825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.10712429881095886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.10358357429504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2676723.2677227","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2676723.2677227","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 46th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W598355015","https://openalex.org/W621941035","https://openalex.org/W1604609970","https://openalex.org/W1967511810","https://openalex.org/W2016702761","https://openalex.org/W2017319540","https://openalex.org/W2029358637","https://openalex.org/W2041743901","https://openalex.org/W2057958058","https://openalex.org/W2062938890","https://openalex.org/W2071201688","https://openalex.org/W2092674285","https://openalex.org/W2119293933","https://openalex.org/W2167106519","https://openalex.org/W2183370417","https://openalex.org/W4246748490"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W560887346","https://openalex.org/W2562211875","https://openalex.org/W1972801935","https://openalex.org/W4244587112","https://openalex.org/W3202311233","https://openalex.org/W223586891","https://openalex.org/W2044963554","https://openalex.org/W1596057910","https://openalex.org/W2006836388","https://openalex.org/W2017319540"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,93,101,131],"compares":[2],"differences":[3],"in":[4,99,124,129],"students'":[5],"ability":[6],"to":[7,57,83,105,135,207],"comprehend":[8,60,84],"recursive":[9,36,74,118,151],"and":[10,59,179],"iterative":[11,87,116,143],"programs":[12],"by":[13],"replicating":[14],"a":[15,68,73,77,184],"1996":[16,69,126],"study.":[17],"These":[18],"studies":[19,31,43],"are":[20],"interesting":[21],"for":[22,211],"the":[23,33,48,108,111,122,125,138,142,150,157,160,168,174,177,189,196,199,209,212],"following":[24],"reasons:":[25],"(1)":[26],"there":[27,39],"have":[28,40],"been":[29,41],"few":[30,42],"on":[32],"comprehension":[34],"of":[35,44,50,76,91,110,115,145,159,167,176,188,195,198],"programs,":[37],"(2)":[38],"recursion":[45],"that":[46,62],"involve":[47],"use":[49],"data":[51],"structures,":[52],"(3)":[53],"subjects":[54,71,98,128,169,202],"were":[55,102,132,203],"asked":[56],"read":[58],"code":[61],"manipulated":[63],"linked":[64,78],"lists":[65],"recursively.":[66],"In":[67],"study,":[70,127],"found":[72],"version":[75,144],"list":[79],"search":[80,112],"function":[81],"easier":[82],"than":[85,149],"an":[86],"version.":[88,152],"The":[89],"results":[90],"this":[92,100,130,146],"contradict":[94],"these":[95,201],"earlier":[96],"findings;":[97],"equally":[103],"likely":[104,134],"correctly":[106,136,155],"describe":[107,137],"purpose":[109,158,175],"algorithm,":[113],"regardless":[114],"or":[117],"implementation.":[119],"Consistent":[120],"with":[121],"findings":[123],"more":[133],"copy":[139,161],"task":[140],"using":[141],"problem":[147],"rather":[148],"Subjects":[153],"who":[154,170,180],"described":[156],"method":[162],"wrote":[163],"abstract":[164],"summaries.":[165],"Many":[166],"did":[171],"not":[172,205],"recognize":[173],"code,":[178,200],"answered":[181],"incorrectly,":[182],"provided":[183],"line-by-line":[185],"(partial)":[186],"trace":[187],"code.":[190],"While":[191],"revealing":[192],"some":[193],"understanding":[194],"execution":[197],"generally":[204],"able":[206],"see":[208],"forest":[210],"trees.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}