{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1969819641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2670940","title":"StopWatch","display_name":"StopWatch","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1969819641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2670940","mag":"1969819641"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2670940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2670940","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1145%2F2670940&file=a8-li_appendix.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2642811","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","issn_l":"1094-9224","issn":["1094-9224","1557-7406"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1145%2F2670940&file=a8-li_appendix.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100432795","display_name":"Peng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4981-0496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079108949","display_name":"Debin Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9412-9961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074117167","display_name":"Michael K. Reiter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7007-8274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael K. Reiter","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.2925,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97230043,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stopwatch","display_name":"Stopwatch","score":0.9718937873840332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8019123077392578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.7454600930213928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.5173256397247314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3746197819709778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.36274033784866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08231940865516663}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206388871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843994","display_name":"Stopwatch","level":2,"score":0.9718937873840332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8019123077392578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.7454600930213928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.5173256397247314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3746197819709778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.36274033784866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08231940865516663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2670940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2670940","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1145%2F2670940&file=a8-li_appendix.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2642811","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","issn_l":"1094-9224","issn":["1094-9224","1557-7406"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-3525","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3525&context=sis_research","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401925","display_name":"Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2670940","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2670940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2670940","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1145%2F2670940&file=a8-li_appendix.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2642811","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","issn_l":"1094-9224","issn":["1094-9224","1557-7406"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Information and System Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5150735180","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0910483, 1330599","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307762","display_name":"International Business Machines Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310013","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316785","display_name":"VMware","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1969819641.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1969819641.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W35708471","https://openalex.org/W55681943","https://openalex.org/W1522250664","https://openalex.org/W1530303756","https://openalex.org/W1558939704","https://openalex.org/W1560720671","https://openalex.org/W1563579290","https://openalex.org/W1572904055","https://openalex.org/W1584476834","https://openalex.org/W1811195033","https://openalex.org/W1818998288","https://openalex.org/W1992291252","https://openalex.org/W1997775274","https://openalex.org/W2013305764","https://openalex.org/W2018530464","https://openalex.org/W2024540116","https://openalex.org/W2027943104","https://openalex.org/W2057306771","https://openalex.org/W2077942532","https://openalex.org/W2099813257","https://openalex.org/W2103289002","https://openalex.org/W2107135371","https://openalex.org/W2109739361","https://openalex.org/W2112826387","https://openalex.org/W2114488210","https://openalex.org/W2116807588","https://openalex.org/W2117550587","https://openalex.org/W2119028650","https://openalex.org/W2119055825","https://openalex.org/W2122514069","https://openalex.org/W2123858370","https://openalex.org/W2124775089","https://openalex.org/W2145467766","https://openalex.org/W2147150814","https://openalex.org/W2151182669","https://openalex.org/W2152465173","https://openalex.org/W2156896296","https://openalex.org/W2160352512","https://openalex.org/W2163700643","https://openalex.org/W2165666960","https://openalex.org/W2171690178","https://openalex.org/W2171956059","https://openalex.org/W2509362137","https://openalex.org/W2612363351","https://openalex.org/W2913264117","https://openalex.org/W2914982603","https://openalex.org/W4239971788"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3124171372","https://openalex.org/W572531444","https://openalex.org/W2921575628","https://openalex.org/W2235294519","https://openalex.org/W4248174414","https://openalex.org/W2943837643","https://openalex.org/W2174174426","https://openalex.org/W2075174112","https://openalex.org/W2622620488","https://openalex.org/W2779209348"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"StopWatch,":[3],"a":[4,40,61,135],"system":[5],"that":[6,12,35,79,108],"defends":[7],"against":[8,119],"timing-based":[9],"side-channel":[10],"attacks":[11],"arise":[13],"from":[14],"coresidency":[15],"of":[16,39,48,57,89,101,130,140],"victims":[17],"and":[18,31,99,126],"attackers":[19],"in":[20,86,103,134],"infrastructure-as-a-service":[21],"clouds.":[22],"StopWatch":[23,53,102,141],"triplicates":[24],"each":[25,71],"cloud-resident":[26],"guest":[27,41],"virtual":[28],"machine":[29],"(VM)":[30],"places":[32],"replicas":[33,38,63,133],"so":[34,78,142],"the":[36,55,67,87,97,106,128,138],"three":[37],"VM":[42,132],"are":[43,83],"coresident":[44,93],"with":[45,123],"nonoverlapping":[46],"sets":[47],"(replicas":[49],"of)":[50],"other":[51,91],"VMs.":[52,94],"uses":[54],"timing":[56,81,120],"I/O":[58],"events":[59],"at":[60],"VM\u2019s":[62],"collectively":[64],"to":[65,116,144],"determine":[66],"timings":[68],"observed":[69],"by":[70,74],"one":[72],"or":[73],"an":[75],"external":[76],"observer,":[77],"observable":[80],"behaviors":[82],"similarly":[84],"likely":[85],"absence":[88],"any":[90],"individual,":[92],"We":[95],"detail":[96],"design":[98],"implementation":[100],"Xen,":[104],"evaluate":[105],"factors":[107],"influence":[109],"its":[110,113],"performance,":[111],"demonstrate":[112],"advantages":[114],"relative":[115],"alternative":[117],"defenses":[118],"side":[121],"channels":[122],"commodity":[124],"hardware,":[125],"address":[127],"problem":[129],"placing":[131],"cloud":[136,148],"under":[137],"constraints":[139],"as":[143],"still":[145],"enable":[146],"adequate":[147],"utilization.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}