{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2085990091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2670757.2670768","title":"Programming in the wild","display_name":"Programming in the wild","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2085990091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2670757.2670768","mag":"2085990091"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2670757.2670768","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2670757.2670768","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 9th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080237399","display_name":"Deborah A. Fields","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1627-9512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","display_name":"Utah State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Deborah A. Fields","raw_affiliation_strings":["Utah State University, Logan, UT"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Utah State University, Logan, UT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111461712","display_name":"Michael T. Giang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134096","display_name":"Mount St. Mary's University","ror":"https://ror.org/040ty4453","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134096"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Giang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mount St. Mary's College, Los Angeles, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mount St. Mary's College, Los Angeles, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079680969","display_name":"Yasmin B. Kafai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4018-0491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasmin Kafai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080237399"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.988,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":102,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9859264,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9724000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13194","display_name":"ICT in Developing Communities","score":0.9715999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scratch","display_name":"Scratch","score":0.7896095514297485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6843198537826538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sophistication","display_name":"Sophistication","score":0.6533671617507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-thinking","display_name":"Computational thinking","score":0.5311041474342346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aside","display_name":"Aside","score":0.46252140402793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.45578521490097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.44274237751960754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.38099169731140137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17097750306129456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.1536395251750946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.14810046553611755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.09566062688827515}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781235140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275131","display_name":"Scratch","level":2,"score":0.7896095514297485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6843198537826538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168725872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q991663","display_name":"Sophistication","level":2,"score":0.6533671617507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780368719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157342","display_name":"Computational thinking","level":2,"score":0.5311041474342346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778120072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2858150","display_name":"Aside","level":2,"score":0.46252140402793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.45578521490097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.44274237751960754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.38099169731140137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17097750306129456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1536395251750946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.14810046553611755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.09566062688827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2670757.2670768","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2670757.2670768","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 9th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8299932044","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1027736","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315254","display_name":"Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5662349","https://openalex.org/W42402667","https://openalex.org/W65429350","https://openalex.org/W80218188","https://openalex.org/W93291317","https://openalex.org/W142345412","https://openalex.org/W402474289","https://openalex.org/W575086601","https://openalex.org/W1486575166","https://openalex.org/W1490088997","https://openalex.org/W1502501062","https://openalex.org/W1521388012","https://openalex.org/W1560400317","https://openalex.org/W1574671297","https://openalex.org/W1592119576","https://openalex.org/W1604544535","https://openalex.org/W1641936396","https://openalex.org/W1966582760","https://openalex.org/W2014261905","https://openalex.org/W2035035690","https://openalex.org/W2047243456","https://openalex.org/W2061286116","https://openalex.org/W2073088099","https://openalex.org/W2084944215","https://openalex.org/W2087468889","https://openalex.org/W2087878607","https://openalex.org/W2095150847","https://openalex.org/W2100029531","https://openalex.org/W2120640415","https://openalex.org/W2128609340","https://openalex.org/W2139864466","https://openalex.org/W2147070375","https://openalex.org/W2150921722","https://openalex.org/W2164996482","https://openalex.org/W2339183141","https://openalex.org/W2515846647","https://openalex.org/W2997766467","https://openalex.org/W3159786592"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2475116013","https://openalex.org/W2066741154","https://openalex.org/W4241263575","https://openalex.org/W2770018148","https://openalex.org/W2358308169","https://openalex.org/W4390677639","https://openalex.org/W2894060802","https://openalex.org/W2887068268","https://openalex.org/W4323526560","https://openalex.org/W2754972376"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"research":[1],"in":[2,43,46,78,89,91,194],"primary":[3],"and":[4,33,72,98,129,169,180,198],"secondary":[5],"computing":[6],"education":[7],"has":[8],"focused":[9],"on":[10,35,64],"understanding":[11],"learners":[12,30],"within":[13],"formal":[14],"classroom":[15],"communities,":[16],"leaving":[17],"aside":[18],"the":[19,83,134,160,178,183,187],"growing":[20],"number":[21],"of":[22,61,68,85,95,101,111,121,131,140,159,189],"promising":[23],"informal":[24,195],"online":[25,49,122,196],"programming":[26,86,132,152,163,193],"communities":[27,197],"where":[28],"young":[29,191],"contribute,":[31],"comment,":[32],"collaborate":[34],"programs.":[36],"In":[37,182],"this":[38],"paper,":[39],"we":[40,81,185],"examined":[41,82],"trends":[42],"computational":[44,204],"participation":[45],"Scratch,":[47],"an":[48],"community":[50],"with":[51],"over":[52,75],"1":[53],"million":[54],"registered":[55],"youth":[56,70],"designers":[57],"primarily":[58],"11-18":[59],"years":[60],"age.":[62],"Drawing":[63],"a":[65,137],"random":[66],"sample":[67],"5,000":[69],"programmers":[71],"their":[73],"activities":[74],"three":[76],"months":[77],"early":[79],"2012,":[80],"quantity":[84],"concepts":[87],"used":[88,157],"projects":[90],"relation":[92],"to":[93,127,148,177],"level":[94,120,130],"participation,":[96,123],"gender,":[97],"account":[99],"age":[100],"Scratch":[102,174],"programmers.":[103,112],"Latent":[104],"class":[105],"analyses":[106],"revealed":[107],"four":[108],"unique":[109],"groups":[110],"While":[113],"there":[114],"was":[115,136],"no":[116],"significant":[117],"link":[118],"between":[119],"ranging":[124],"from":[125],"low":[126],"high,":[128],"sophistication,":[133],"exception":[135],"small":[138],"group":[139],"highly":[141],"engaged":[142],"users":[143,175],"who":[144,155],"were":[145,171],"most":[146],"likely":[147],"use":[149],"more":[150,161,202],"complex":[151],"concepts.":[153],"Groups":[154],"only":[156],"few":[158],"sophisticated":[162],"concepts,":[164],"such":[165],"as":[166,173],"Booleans,":[167],"variables":[168],"operators,":[170],"identified":[172],"new":[176],"site":[179],"girls.":[181],"discussion":[184],"address":[186],"challenges":[188],"analyzing":[190],"learners'":[192],"opportunities":[199],"for":[200],"designing":[201],"equitable":[203],"participation.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
