{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2036057524","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2667190.2667192","title":"Targeted Attacks against Industrial Control Systems","display_name":"Targeted Attacks against Industrial Control Systems","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2036057524","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2667190.2667192","mag":"2036057524"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2667190.2667192","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2667190.2667192","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Smart Energy Grid Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019335173","display_name":"Maria B. Line","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173888879","display_name":"SINTEF","ror":"https://ror.org/01f677e56","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173888879"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria B. Line","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian University of Science and Technology, SINTEF, Trondheim, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology, SINTEF, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173888879","https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004384498","display_name":"Ali Zand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9095-0493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Zand","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046881273","display_name":"Gianluca Stringhini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6162-578X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianluca Stringhini","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109057758","display_name":"Richard A. Kemmerer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Kemmerer","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.3199,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99200788,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"13","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7322447299957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preparedness","display_name":"Preparedness","score":0.6707148551940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.5735564231872559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.5417976379394531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5051203370094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-infrastructure","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","score":0.4735661745071411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.42490246891975403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-control-system","display_name":"Industrial control system","score":0.418544203042984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/espionage","display_name":"Espionage","score":0.41544926166534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3893476724624634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7322447299957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4583103","display_name":"Preparedness","level":2,"score":0.6707148551940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.5735564231872559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.5417976379394531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5051203370094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.4735661745071411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.42490246891975403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40071531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2513962","display_name":"Industrial control system","level":3,"score":0.418544203042984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558872910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165950","display_name":"Espionage","level":2,"score":0.41544926166534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3893476724624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2667190.2667192","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2667190.2667192","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Smart Energy Grid Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1773651856","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF0910553","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2871995108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"217528","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6235684063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"234644/F11","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7146038114","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N000140911042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W199490443","https://openalex.org/W325758283","https://openalex.org/W1412796528","https://openalex.org/W1503700403","https://openalex.org/W1729411802","https://openalex.org/W1883982708","https://openalex.org/W2021568529","https://openalex.org/W2032906632","https://openalex.org/W2039427951","https://openalex.org/W2039858940","https://openalex.org/W2095610745","https://openalex.org/W2099151437","https://openalex.org/W2108073531","https://openalex.org/W2130258908","https://openalex.org/W2147223444","https://openalex.org/W2350778671","https://openalex.org/W2547782370","https://openalex.org/W3152487790","https://openalex.org/W4249923363","https://openalex.org/W4300942734"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W651184588","https://openalex.org/W2056963179","https://openalex.org/W2614996178","https://openalex.org/W3147872107","https://openalex.org/W2289521417","https://openalex.org/W2237732271","https://openalex.org/W2783141896","https://openalex.org/W1980323860","https://openalex.org/W3123953333","https://openalex.org/W3019650871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Targeted":[0],"cyber":[1,102,147],"attacks":[2,75,174],"are":[3,20,38],"on":[4],"the":[5,8,28,31,34,58,61,99,110,132,160,183],"rise,":[6],"and":[7,16,76,107,112,119,123,149,175,192,196],"power":[9,32,49,62,92,133],"industry":[10,63,134,184],"is":[11,135,157],"an":[12],"attractive":[13],"target.":[14],"Espionage":[15],"causing":[17],"physical":[18,144],"damage":[19],"likely":[21],"goals":[22],"of":[23,30,60,101,114,159],"these":[24],"targeted":[25,65,74,126,152],"attacks.":[26,66,127,145],"In":[27,51],"case":[29],"industry,":[33],"worst":[35],"possible":[36],"consequences":[37],"severe:":[39],"large":[40],"areas,":[41],"including":[42],"critical":[43],"societal":[44],"infrastructures,":[45],"can":[46],"suffer":[47],"from":[48,177],"outages.":[50],"this":[52,68],"paper,":[53],"we":[54,70,83,89,179],"try":[55,180],"to":[56,97,108,125,181],"measure":[57],"preparedness":[59],"against":[64],"To":[67],"end,":[69],"have":[71,163],"studied":[72],"well-known":[73],"created":[77],"a":[78,85],"taxonomy":[79],"for":[80,121,139,187],"them.":[81],"Furthermore,":[82],"conduct":[84],"study,":[86],"in":[87],"which":[88],"interview":[90],"six":[91],"distribution":[93],"system":[94],"operators":[95],"(DSOs),":[96],"assess":[98],"level":[100],"situation":[103,190],"awareness":[104,191],"among":[105],"DSOs":[106],"evaluate":[109],"efficiency":[111],"effectiveness":[113],"their":[115,189],"currently":[116],"deployed":[117],"systems":[118],"practices":[120],"detecting":[122],"responding":[124],"Our":[128],"findings":[129],"indicate":[130],"that":[131],"very":[136],"well":[137],"prepared":[138],"traditional":[140],"threats,":[141],"such":[142],"as":[143],"However,":[146],"attacks,":[148,153],"especially":[150],"sophisticated":[151],"where":[154],"social":[155],"engineering":[156],"one":[158],"strategies":[161],"used,":[162],"not":[164],"been":[165],"addressed":[166],"appropriately":[167],"so":[168],"far.":[169],"Finally,":[170],"by":[171],"understanding":[172],"previous":[173],"learning":[176],"them,":[178],"provide":[182],"with":[185],"guidelines":[186],"improving":[188],"defense":[193],"(both":[194],"detection":[195],"response)":[197],"capabilities.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}