{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2158820915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2663204.2663264","title":"The Additive Value of Multimodal Features for Predicting Engagement, Frustration, and Learning during Tutoring","display_name":"The Additive Value of Multimodal Features for Predicting Engagement, Frustration, and Learning during Tutoring","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2158820915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2663204.2663264","mag":"2158820915"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2663204.2663264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2663204.2663264","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041587052","display_name":"Joseph F. Grafsgaard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph F. Grafsgaard","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062259793","display_name":"Joseph B. Wiggins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6170-7080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph B. Wiggins","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011116697","display_name":"Alexandria K. Vail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5221-4092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandria Katarina Vail","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032549993","display_name":"Kristy Elizabeth Boyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3434-3450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristy Elizabeth Boyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088202585","display_name":"Eric Wiebe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5920-5225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric N. Wiebe","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074470380","display_name":"James C. Lester","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1481-6601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James C. Lester","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"42","last_page":"49"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13447","display_name":"Educational and Psychological Assessments","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.7009332180023193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6554598808288574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6482045650482178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.6241463422775269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonverbal-communication","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","score":0.6170485019683838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5682910680770874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.5504369735717773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affective-computing","display_name":"Affective computing","score":0.5129339694976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.496067613363266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4908760190010071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.47727102041244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodality","display_name":"Multimodality","score":0.4535279870033264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3281540274620056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2924005389213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.11973220109939575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.08837190270423889}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7009332180023193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6554598808288574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6482045650482178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.6241463422775269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145633318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207125","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","level":2,"score":0.6170485019683838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5682910680770874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.5504369735717773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6438553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Affective computing","level":2,"score":0.5129339694976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.496067613363266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4908760190010071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.47727102041244507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780910867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952416","display_name":"Multimodality","level":2,"score":0.4535279870033264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3281540274620056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2924005389213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.11973220109939575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.08837190270423889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2663204.2663264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2663204.2663264","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1367381967","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1409639","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337389","funder_display_name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4229433799","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DRL-1007962","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337409","funder_display_name":"Division of Research on Learning in Formal and Informal Settings"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310013","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337389","display_name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/053a2cp42"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337409","display_name":"Division of Research on Learning in Formal and Informal Settings","ror":"https://ror.org/05s7cqk18"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W246730058","https://openalex.org/W973843712","https://openalex.org/W1007430293","https://openalex.org/W1503666641","https://openalex.org/W1588539311","https://openalex.org/W1729578042","https://openalex.org/W1929610448","https://openalex.org/W1968600824","https://openalex.org/W1981231682","https://openalex.org/W1995641269","https://openalex.org/W2002302568","https://openalex.org/W2003759405","https://openalex.org/W2018988971","https://openalex.org/W2019922470","https://openalex.org/W2032139348","https://openalex.org/W2034009865","https://openalex.org/W2046604164","https://openalex.org/W2049456899","https://openalex.org/W2087511931","https://openalex.org/W2088330360","https://openalex.org/W2097541468","https://openalex.org/W2109626108","https://openalex.org/W2131842864","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2161673930","https://openalex.org/W2165079349","https://openalex.org/W2172071592","https://openalex.org/W2251359101","https://openalex.org/W2407869609","https://openalex.org/W2912139643","https://openalex.org/W4250671453","https://openalex.org/W4299379707"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2782095833","https://openalex.org/W4206297952","https://openalex.org/W2745497104","https://openalex.org/W1997400788","https://openalex.org/W2775620487","https://openalex.org/W2112393832","https://openalex.org/W2722112567","https://openalex.org/W2115839364","https://openalex.org/W4386575310","https://openalex.org/W2777738607"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detecting":[0],"learning-centered":[1],"affective":[2,31],"states":[3],"is":[4,122],"difficult,":[5],"yet":[6],"crucial":[7],"for":[8],"adapting":[9],"most":[10,123],"effectively":[11],"to":[12,73,97],"users.":[13],"Within":[14],"tutoring":[15],"in":[16,147,164],"particular,":[17],"the":[18,29,43,116,130,134,142],"combined":[19,117],"context":[20,146],"of":[21,55,102,119,136,153],"student":[22,100],"task":[23,44,76,90,145],"actions":[24],"and":[25,45,82,89,104,144,157],"tutorial":[26],"dialogue":[27,46,143],"shape":[28],"student's":[30],"experience.":[32],"As":[33],"we":[34,39],"move":[35],"toward":[36],"detecting":[37],"affect,":[38],"may":[40,139,161],"also":[41],"supplement":[42],"streams":[47,93],"with":[48,63],"rich":[49],"sensor":[50],"data.":[51],"In":[52],"a":[53,66],"study":[54],"introductory":[56],"computer":[57],"programming":[58],"tutoring,":[59],"human":[60],"tutors":[61],"communicated":[62],"students":[64],"through":[65],"text-based":[67],"interface.":[68],"Automated":[69],"approaches":[70],"were":[71,94],"leveraged":[72,163],"annotate":[74],"dialogue,":[75,86],"actions,":[77],"facial":[78],"movements,":[79],"postural":[80],"positions,":[81],"hand-to-face":[83],"gestures.":[84],"These":[85],"nonverbal":[87,137],"behavior,":[88],"action":[91],"input":[92],"then":[95],"used":[96],"predict":[98],"retrospective":[99],"self-reports":[101],"engagement":[103],"frustration,":[105],"as":[106,108],"well":[107],"pretest/posttest":[109],"learning":[110],"gains.":[111],"The":[112],"results":[113],"show":[114],"that":[115,133,160],"set":[118],"multimodal":[120,167],"features":[121],"predictive,":[124],"indicating":[125],"an":[126],"additive":[127],"effect.":[128],"Additionally,":[129],"findings":[131],"demonstrate":[132],"role":[135],"behavior":[138],"depend":[140],"on":[141],"which":[148],"it":[149],"occurs.":[150],"This":[151],"line":[152],"research":[154],"identifies":[155],"contextual":[156],"behavioral":[158],"cues":[159],"be":[162],"future":[165],"adaptive":[166],"systems.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
