{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2060890758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661829.2661907","title":"From Skimming to Reading","display_name":"From Skimming to Reading","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2060890758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661829.2661907","mag":"2060890758"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2661829.2661907","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661829.2661907","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100668121","display_name":"Yiqun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0140-4512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yiqun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100407035","display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7427-793X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015061573","display_name":"Ke Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2161-8796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325784139","display_name":"Yahoo (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/038p3gq39","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325784139","https://openalex.org/I4210134091"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yahoo Labs, London, United Kingdom","Yahoo Labs, London, United Kingdom#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yahoo Labs, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325784139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yahoo Labs, London, United Kingdom#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325784139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018977183","display_name":"Jian\u2010Yun Nie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1556-3335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianyun Nie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, PQ, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, PQ, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100402925","display_name":"Min Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6059-3798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100760812","display_name":"Shaoping Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8762-8268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoping Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100668121"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.7826,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97378492,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"849","last_page":"858"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9652000069618225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9652000069618225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9578999876976013,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13274","display_name":"Expert finding and Q&A systems","score":0.9455000162124634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7947876453399658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surprise","display_name":"Surprise","score":0.7021504640579224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.6186240315437317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixation","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","score":0.6163280010223389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.5466757416725159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5296351909637451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.506231963634491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4719972610473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.436376690864563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movement","display_name":"Eye movement","score":0.41702479124069214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.36986348032951355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3655179738998413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.14441683888435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.09844285249710083}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7947876453399658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780343955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333173","display_name":"Surprise","level":2,"score":0.7021504640579224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.6186240315437317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146249460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914991","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","level":3,"score":0.6163280010223389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.5466757416725159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5296351909637451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.506231963634491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4719972610473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.436376690864563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.41702479124069214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.36986348032951355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3655179738998413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.14441683888435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.09844285249710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2661829.2661907","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661829.2661907","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1326480372","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61073071","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2320087564","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WBS:R-252-300-001-490","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3102097847","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015CB358700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321540","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4842998956","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61472206","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321540","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/027s68j25"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W206734047","https://openalex.org/W1504655665","https://openalex.org/W1965305672","https://openalex.org/W1965743746","https://openalex.org/W1967151960","https://openalex.org/W1974719208","https://openalex.org/W1981745473","https://openalex.org/W1987380777","https://openalex.org/W1992549066","https://openalex.org/W2000432130","https://openalex.org/W2004089651","https://openalex.org/W2004584736","https://openalex.org/W2026784708","https://openalex.org/W2037073318","https://openalex.org/W2038385982","https://openalex.org/W2042261367","https://openalex.org/W2047933422","https://openalex.org/W2067447093","https://openalex.org/W2077870071","https://openalex.org/W2089623033","https://openalex.org/W2090883204","https://openalex.org/W2096438175","https://openalex.org/W2099213975","https://openalex.org/W2102693936","https://openalex.org/W2106817091","https://openalex.org/W2113158403","https://openalex.org/W2118101423","https://openalex.org/W2120889650","https://openalex.org/W2125725603","https://openalex.org/W2136399505","https://openalex.org/W2148547984","https://openalex.org/W2148869009","https://openalex.org/W2150137742","https://openalex.org/W2151592910","https://openalex.org/W2152314154","https://openalex.org/W2153076044","https://openalex.org/W2154105380","https://openalex.org/W2155587858","https://openalex.org/W2156037541","https://openalex.org/W2156046656","https://openalex.org/W2944939323","https://openalex.org/W3158519229","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6608462873","https://openalex.org/W6762606020"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988809324","https://openalex.org/W2079577662","https://openalex.org/W2891498671","https://openalex.org/W4384434815","https://openalex.org/W1970967781","https://openalex.org/W2067543086","https://openalex.org/W1701036363","https://openalex.org/W2958385752","https://openalex.org/W3095090310","https://openalex.org/W124311513"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"User's":[0],"examination":[1,23,36,117,186,207,215,223],"of":[2,67,121,224],"search":[3,45,225],"results":[4,69,226],"is":[5,95,227],"a":[6,63,97,115,122,132,213,228,244],"key":[7],"concept":[8],"involved":[9],"in":[10,100,154,158,161,177,237],"all":[11],"the":[12,50,57,68,81,88,92,102,107,144,184,205,221],"click":[13],"models.":[14],"However,":[15],"most":[16],"studies":[17,156],"assumed":[18],"that":[19,86,143,169,183,211,220,232],"eye":[20],"fixation":[21],"means":[22],"and":[24,56,131,164,240],"no":[25],"further":[26],"study":[27,218],"has":[28],"been":[29],"carried":[30],"out":[31],"to":[32,47,126,136,174,234],"better":[33],"understand":[34],"user's":[35,51,222],"behavior.":[37],"In":[38],"this":[39,241],"study,":[40],"we":[41,84],"design":[42],"an":[43],"experimental":[44],"engine":[46],"collect":[48],"both":[49],"feedback":[52],"on":[53,247],"their":[54],"examinations":[55],"eye-tracking/click-through":[58],"data.":[59],"To":[60],"our":[61],"surprise,":[62],"large":[64,200],"proportion":[65],"(45.8%)":[66],"fixated":[70],"by":[71],"users":[72,170],"are":[73],"not":[74],"recognized":[75],"as":[76],"being":[77],"\"read\".":[78],"Looking":[79],"into":[80],"tracking":[82],"data,":[83],"found":[85,142],"before":[87],"user":[89,103],"actually":[90],"\"reads\"":[91],"result,":[93],"there":[94],"often":[96],"\"skimming\"":[98],"step":[99],"which":[101,119,167,195],"quickly":[104],"looks":[105],"at":[106,199],"result":[108],"without":[109],"reading":[110,135],"it.":[111],"We":[112,141,180],"thus":[113],"propose":[114],"two-stage":[116,185,206],"model":[118,208],"composes":[120],"first":[123],"\"from":[124,134],"skimming":[125],"reading\"":[127],"stage":[128,138],"(Stage":[129,139],"1)":[130],"second":[133],"clicking\"":[137],"2).":[140],"biases":[145],"(e.g.":[146],"position":[147],"bias,":[148,150],"domain":[149],"attractiveness":[151],"bias)":[152],"considered":[153],"many":[155],"impact":[157,246],"different":[159,175,178],"ways":[160],"Stage":[162,165],"1":[163],"2,":[166],"suggests":[168],"make":[171],"judgments":[172],"according":[173],"signals":[176],"stages.":[179],"also":[181,209],"show":[182],"behaviors":[187],"can":[188,196],"be":[189,197,235],"predicted":[190],"with":[191,204,212],"mouse":[192],"movement":[193],"behavior,":[194],"collected":[198],"scale.":[201],"Relevance":[202],"estimation":[203],"outperforms":[210],"single-stage":[214],"model.":[216],"This":[217],"shows":[219],"complex":[229],"cognitive":[230],"process":[231],"needs":[233],"investigated":[236],"greater":[238],"depth":[239],"may":[242],"have":[243],"significant":[245],"Web":[248],"search.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}