{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000481202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661334.2661358","title":"Analyzing the intelligibility of real-time mobile sign language video transmitted below recommended standards","display_name":"Analyzing the intelligibility of real-time mobile sign language video transmitted below recommended standards","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000481202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661334.2661358","mag":"2000481202"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2661334.2661358","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661334.2661358","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 16th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers & accessibility - ASSETS '14","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111787549","display_name":"Jessica J. Tran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jessica J. Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041493183","display_name":"B. Adrian Flowers","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Flowers","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067530865","display_name":"Eve A. Risken","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eve A. Risken","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Richard J. Ladner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard J. Ladner","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, University , WA, USA","University of Washington, University , WA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, University , WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, University , WA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086377685","display_name":"Jacob O. Wobbrock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3675-5491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob O. Wobbrock","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"177","last_page":"184"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12720","display_name":"Multimedia Communication and Technology","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13310","display_name":"Subtitles and Audiovisual Media","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7861494421958923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign-language","display_name":"Sign language","score":0.5975537300109863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.5811570882797241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-sign-language","display_name":"American Sign Language","score":0.47109732031822205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-quality","display_name":"Video quality","score":0.4572874903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/words-per-minute","display_name":"Words per minute","score":0.4380786716938019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3657624125480652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3394847512245178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19218969345092773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0819372832775116}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7861494421958923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522192633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228","display_name":"Sign language","level":2,"score":0.5975537300109863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.5811570882797241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776737515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14759","display_name":"American Sign Language","level":3,"score":0.47109732031822205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103910844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2631256","display_name":"Video quality","level":3,"score":0.4572874903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777970837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569389","display_name":"Words per minute","level":3,"score":0.4380786716938019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3657624125480652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3394847512245178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19218969345092773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0819372832775116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2661334.2661358","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661334.2661358","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 16th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers & accessibility - ASSETS '14","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.467.7492","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.467.7492","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://mobileasl.cs.washington.edu/downloads/assets14-tran.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.682.5443","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.682.5443","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://faculty.washington.edu/wobbrock/pubs/assets-14.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482881554","https://openalex.org/W1502066369","https://openalex.org/W1529253181","https://openalex.org/W1559751073","https://openalex.org/W1590274725","https://openalex.org/W1838089068","https://openalex.org/W1974758710","https://openalex.org/W1986232752","https://openalex.org/W1988092976","https://openalex.org/W1988401552","https://openalex.org/W1991049577","https://openalex.org/W1998898665","https://openalex.org/W2006246796","https://openalex.org/W2017967298","https://openalex.org/W2020864137","https://openalex.org/W2025475831","https://openalex.org/W2036261654","https://openalex.org/W2038172391","https://openalex.org/W2038687528","https://openalex.org/W2039846775","https://openalex.org/W2046071537","https://openalex.org/W2062432050","https://openalex.org/W2064372921","https://openalex.org/W2066872308","https://openalex.org/W2096831674","https://openalex.org/W2097240025","https://openalex.org/W2097397260","https://openalex.org/W2103474842","https://openalex.org/W2103975552","https://openalex.org/W2111026707","https://openalex.org/W2112199377","https://openalex.org/W2114484696","https://openalex.org/W2115513410","https://openalex.org/W2115557389","https://openalex.org/W2118322861","https://openalex.org/W2120871283","https://openalex.org/W2121044470","https://openalex.org/W2125202481","https://openalex.org/W2127157498","https://openalex.org/W2129793894","https://openalex.org/W2129912474","https://openalex.org/W2132480347","https://openalex.org/W2135973902","https://openalex.org/W2146724207","https://openalex.org/W2146968145","https://openalex.org/W2147637089","https://openalex.org/W2155303148","https://openalex.org/W2169528473","https://openalex.org/W2169586400","https://openalex.org/W2172282005","https://openalex.org/W2214650344","https://openalex.org/W2316423728","https://openalex.org/W4252684946","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2089405242","https://openalex.org/W2004685257","https://openalex.org/W1977288663","https://openalex.org/W2115068291","https://openalex.org/W3010360921","https://openalex.org/W2100673443","https://openalex.org/W2897666773","https://openalex.org/W2226154349","https://openalex.org/W2963075127","https://openalex.org/W2947981379"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mobile":[0],"sign":[1,46,220],"language":[2,47,221],"video":[3,18,48,75,120,185,238],"communication":[4],"has":[5],"the":[6,15,35,93,106,118,154,160,181],"potential":[7],"to":[8,110,117,124,199],"be":[9,135],"more":[10,197],"accessible":[11],"and":[12,86,100,123,141,146,191,211,240],"affordable":[13],"if":[14],"current":[16],"recommended":[17],"transmission":[19,121],"standard":[20,95],"of":[21,105,184,204],"25":[22],"frames":[23],"per":[24,29],"second":[25,30],"at":[26,50,76,129,187,225],"100":[27],"kilobits":[28],"(kbps)":[31],"as":[32,228,230],"prescribed":[33],"in":[34,62,169],"International":[36],"Telecommunication":[37],"Standardization":[38],"Sector":[39],"(ITU-T)":[40],"Q.26/16":[41],"were":[42,167,195],"relaxed.":[43],"To":[44],"investigate":[45,111],"intelligibility":[49],"lower":[51,119,127,182],"settings,":[52],"we":[53],"conducted":[54],"a":[55,126],"laboratory":[56,107],"study,":[57],"where":[58],"fluent":[59,113],"ASL":[60,114],"signers":[61,115],"pairs":[63],"held":[64],"real-time":[65,74,132],"free-form":[66],"conversations":[67,133,172,222],"over":[68],"an":[69],"experimental":[70],"smartphone":[71],"app":[72],"transmitting":[73],"5":[77,188],"fps/25":[78,189],"kbps,":[79,82,85,89],"10":[80,231],"fps/50":[81,232],"15":[83],"fps/75":[84],"30":[87],"fps/150":[88],"settings":[90],"well":[91],"below":[92],"ITU-T":[94],"that":[96,193,217],"save":[97],"both":[98,139],"bandwidth":[99],"battery":[101,148,161],"life.":[102,162],"The":[103],"aim":[104],"study":[108],"was":[109],"how":[112],"adapt":[116],"rates,":[122],"identify":[125],"threshold":[128],"which":[130],"intelligible":[131,171,218],"could":[134],"held.":[136],"We":[137,163],"gathered":[138],"subjective":[140],"objective":[142],"measures":[143],"from":[144],"participants":[145,166],"calculated":[147],"life":[149],"drain.":[150],"As":[151],"expected,":[152],"reducing":[153],"frame":[155,175,226],"rate/bit":[156],"rate":[157,203],"monotonically":[158],"extended":[159],"discovered":[164],"all":[165,174],"successful":[168],"holding":[170],"across":[173],"rates/bit":[176],"rates.":[177],"Participants":[178],"did":[179,206],"perceive":[180],"quality":[183],"transmitted":[186],"kbps":[190,233],"felt":[192],"they":[194],"signing":[196],"slowly":[198],"compensate;":[200],"however,":[201],"participants'":[202],"fingerspelling":[205],"not":[207],"actually":[208],"decrease.":[209],"This":[210],"other":[212],"findings":[213],"support":[214],"our":[215],"recommendation":[216],"mobile":[219],"can":[223],"occur":[224],"rates":[227],"low":[229],"while":[234],"optimizing":[235],"resource":[236],"consumption,":[237],"intelligibility,":[239],"user":[241],"preferences.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}