{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2040555343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661229.2661275","title":"Hierarchical diffusion curves for accurate automatic image vectorization","display_name":"Hierarchical diffusion curves for accurate automatic image vectorization","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2040555343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661229.2661275","mag":"2040555343"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2661229.2661275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661229.2661275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064406666","display_name":"Guofu Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767820","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/01hsx4r68","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4391767820"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guofu Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Montreal and State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, ISCAS","University of Montreal and State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, ISCAS#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Montreal and State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, ISCAS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966","https://openalex.org/I4391767820"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Montreal and State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, ISCAS#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966","https://openalex.org/I4391767820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015182080","display_name":"Xin Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1870-9037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research","Microsoft research#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft research#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100784734","display_name":"Xin Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8788-2453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research","Microsoft research#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft research#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053824527","display_name":"Derek Nowrouzezahrai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4279-1774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derek Nowrouzezahrai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Montreal","UNIVERSITY OF MONTREAL"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Montreal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNIVERSITY OF MONTREAL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064406666"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391767820","https://openalex.org/I70931966"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9771,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89143749,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"6","first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7092132568359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-graphics","display_name":"Vector graphics","score":0.5936492681503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raster-graphics","display_name":"Raster graphics","score":0.5619682669639587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5534970164299011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curve-fitting","display_name":"Curve fitting","score":0.4730093777179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4679165184497833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vectorization","display_name":"Vectorization (mathematics)","score":0.44471877813339233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laplace-operator","display_name":"Laplace operator","score":0.43170586228370667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.4295642077922821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.41645708680152893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics","score":0.34497857093811035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.334465891122818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24100062251091003}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7092132568359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59662460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170130","display_name":"Vector graphics","level":3,"score":0.5936492681503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181844469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182270","display_name":"Raster graphics","level":2,"score":0.5619682669639587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5534970164299011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184389593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603159","display_name":"Curve fitting","level":2,"score":0.4730093777179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4679165184497833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41681595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7917855","display_name":"Vectorization (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44471877813339233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165700671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203484","display_name":"Laplace operator","level":2,"score":0.43170586228370667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.4295642077922821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.41645708680152893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77660652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150971","display_name":"Computer graphics","level":2,"score":0.34497857093811035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.334465891122818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24100062251091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2661229.2661275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661229.2661275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.698.466","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.698.466","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.sunxin.name/homepage/publication/siggraphasia_dcv/siggraphasia_dcv.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.715.3694","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.715.3694","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://lcs.ios.ac.cn/%7Eguofu/files/vectorization/SparseImageCurves.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","display_name":"Mitacs","ror":"https://ror.org/00cjrc276"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495971627","https://openalex.org/W1775475380","https://openalex.org/W1963717421","https://openalex.org/W1976197162","https://openalex.org/W1983062295","https://openalex.org/W1983924674","https://openalex.org/W1988629159","https://openalex.org/W1992467676","https://openalex.org/W2003978569","https://openalex.org/W2038825728","https://openalex.org/W2039372057","https://openalex.org/W2053304443","https://openalex.org/W2063155970","https://openalex.org/W2086335247","https://openalex.org/W2090159818","https://openalex.org/W2112328181","https://openalex.org/W2115931016","https://openalex.org/W2141117374","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2150134853","https://openalex.org/W2151580999","https://openalex.org/W2156053375","https://openalex.org/W2168919480","https://openalex.org/W2503118008","https://openalex.org/W3011071166","https://openalex.org/W3136398160","https://openalex.org/W3138446083","https://openalex.org/W6676956095","https://openalex.org/W6945075819"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210244968","https://openalex.org/W4312267855","https://openalex.org/W4388585877","https://openalex.org/W2895184662","https://openalex.org/W4385283764","https://openalex.org/W2207218846","https://openalex.org/W2049503325","https://openalex.org/W2013852177","https://openalex.org/W2050704785","https://openalex.org/W2383437866"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diffusion":[0],"curve":[1,40,61,128],"primitives":[2],"are":[3,134],"a":[4,32,65,147],"compact":[5],"and":[6,22,58,63,74,95,106,122,161,171],"powerful":[7],"representation":[8,67],"for":[9],"vector":[10,14,72],"images.":[11,76],"While":[12],"several":[13],"image":[15,97],"authoring":[16],"tools":[17],"leverage":[18],"these":[19],"representations,":[20,62],"automatically":[21,36],"accurately":[23,69,119],"vectorizing":[24],"arbitrary":[25],"raster":[26,43],"images":[27,44,121,156],"using":[28],"diffusion":[29,39,60],"curves":[30,47,86,114,133],"remains":[31],"difficult":[33],"problem.":[34],"We":[35,142],"generate":[37],"sparse":[38,111],"vectorizations":[41],"of":[42,80,113,150],"by":[45,116],"fitting":[46,108],"in":[48,87,137],"the":[49,88],"Laplacian":[50,57,89],"domain.":[51],"Our":[52],"approach":[53],"is":[54,83],"fast,":[55],"combines":[56],"bilaplacian":[59],"generates":[64],"hierarchical":[66,132],"that":[68],"reconstructs":[70,120],"both":[71,93],"art":[73],"natural":[75,153],"The":[77,110],"key":[78],"idea":[79],"our":[81,117,131,144],"method":[82,118,145],"to":[84],"trace":[85],"domain,":[90],"which":[91],"captures":[92],"sharp":[94],"smooth":[96],"features,":[98],"across":[99],"scales,":[100],"more":[101],"robustly":[102],"than":[103],"previous":[104],"image-":[105],"gradient-domain":[107],"strategies.":[109],"set":[112],"generated":[115],"often":[123],"closely":[124],"matches":[125],"tediously":[126],"hand-authored":[127],"data.":[129],"Also,":[130],"readily":[135],"usable":[136],"all":[138],"existing":[139],"editing":[140,173],"frameworks.":[141],"validate":[143],"on":[146],"broad":[148],"class":[149],"images,":[151,154],"including":[152],"synthesized":[155],"with":[157],"turbulent":[158],"multi-scale":[159,169],"details,":[160],"traditional":[162],"vector-art,":[163],"as":[164,166],"well":[165],"illustrating":[167],"simple":[168],"abstraction":[170],"color":[172],"results.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
