{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2006100388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661136.2661157","title":"Coverage and Its Discontents","display_name":"Coverage and Its Discontents","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2006100388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661136.2661157","mag":"2006100388"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2661136.2661157","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661136.2661157","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming &amp; Software","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026932942","display_name":"Alex Groce","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0273-4668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alex Groce","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA","Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090034689","display_name":"Mohammad Amin Alipour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6479-7202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Amin Alipour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA","Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050311714","display_name":"Rahul Gopinath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-0930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Gopinath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA","Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA;"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026932942"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6073,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92311558,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"255","last_page":"268"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7806066274642944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suite","display_name":"Suite","score":0.7060384750366211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-suite","display_name":"Test suite","score":0.6750761270523071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.6102672815322876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-coverage","display_name":"Code coverage","score":0.549199104309082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5326772332191467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5176661610603333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-bug","display_name":"Software bug","score":0.5026605129241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5009772777557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.496507465839386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-testing","display_name":"Software testing","score":0.4689459502696991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.4283742308616638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.40037795901298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.372574120759964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.34806883335113525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.319480836391449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3038597106933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2099987268447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.16231384873390198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.13544845581054688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.08696725964546204}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7806066274642944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.7060384750366211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151552104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705809","display_name":"Test suite","level":4,"score":0.6750761270523071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.6102672815322876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53942775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1211721","display_name":"Code coverage","level":3,"score":0.549199104309082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5326772332191467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5176661610603333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.5026605129241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5009772777557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.496507465839386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984328558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188522","display_name":"Software testing","level":3,"score":0.4689459502696991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4283742308616638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.40037795901298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.372574120759964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.34806883335113525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.319480836391449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3038597106933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2099987268447876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.16231384873390198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.13544845581054688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.08696725964546204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2661136.2661157","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661136.2661157","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming &amp; Software","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.936.6409","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.936.6409","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/%7Ealex/onwardessays14.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3652774590","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1217824","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","funder_display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3999943867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1054786","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","funder_display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations","ror":"https://ror.org/01mng8331"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W127224647","https://openalex.org/W1486172410","https://openalex.org/W1502406167","https://openalex.org/W1528116854","https://openalex.org/W1592653808","https://openalex.org/W1600639883","https://openalex.org/W1857528250","https://openalex.org/W1910771831","https://openalex.org/W1952885858","https://openalex.org/W1971650562","https://openalex.org/W1976727279","https://openalex.org/W1984481956","https://openalex.org/W1992987499","https://openalex.org/W1995910633","https://openalex.org/W2002934700","https://openalex.org/W2006027584","https://openalex.org/W2008228118","https://openalex.org/W2009489720","https://openalex.org/W2012997183","https://openalex.org/W2014515160","https://openalex.org/W2019368525","https://openalex.org/W2022753314","https://openalex.org/W2023730632","https://openalex.org/W2024254950","https://openalex.org/W2028536280","https://openalex.org/W2029517828","https://openalex.org/W2034521353","https://openalex.org/W2036779186","https://openalex.org/W2053577778","https://openalex.org/W2063068372","https://openalex.org/W2065948900","https://openalex.org/W2071952624","https://openalex.org/W2082731247","https://openalex.org/W2096449544","https://openalex.org/W2102742419","https://openalex.org/W2106072155","https://openalex.org/W2108557864","https://openalex.org/W2114869486","https://openalex.org/W2121650870","https://openalex.org/W2124300773","https://openalex.org/W2135937266","https://openalex.org/W2138059712","https://openalex.org/W2138428785","https://openalex.org/W2151704521","https://openalex.org/W2154650451","https://openalex.org/W2155235694","https://openalex.org/W2156127351","https://openalex.org/W2156858199","https://openalex.org/W2164179203","https://openalex.org/W2165026393","https://openalex.org/W2170260129","https://openalex.org/W2171480813","https://openalex.org/W2174535387","https://openalex.org/W2276797782","https://openalex.org/W2295658119","https://openalex.org/W2472622445","https://openalex.org/W2993781365","https://openalex.org/W4237492309","https://openalex.org/W4250890173","https://openalex.org/W4388727850","https://openalex.org/W6635365715","https://openalex.org/W6639699737","https://openalex.org/W6648752246","https://openalex.org/W6819811686"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4295918990","https://openalex.org/W4313447549","https://openalex.org/W2067499928","https://openalex.org/W1888619389","https://openalex.org/W2028796071","https://openalex.org/W1968494916","https://openalex.org/W2794522096","https://openalex.org/W3022870375","https://openalex.org/W2052414005","https://openalex.org/W2138059712"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Everyone":[0],"wants":[1],"to":[2,35,62,78,104,142],"know":[3,120],"one":[4],"thing":[5],"about":[6],"a":[7,48,69,75,97],"test":[8,82],"suite:":[9],"will":[10],"it":[11,107,122],"detect":[12],"enough":[13],"bugs?":[14],"Unfortunately,":[15],"in":[16,95,124],"most":[17],"settings":[18],"that":[19,88,109],"matter,":[20],"answering":[21],"this":[22,139,150],"question":[23],"directly":[24],"is":[25,46,74,94,108,141],"impractical":[26],"or":[27],"impossible.":[28],"Software":[29],"engineers":[30],"and":[31,132],"researchers":[32],"therefore":[33],"tend":[34],"rely":[36],"on":[37,66],"various":[38],"measures":[39],"of":[40,50,56,81,91,99,138,146],"code":[41],"coverage":[42,67,111],"(where":[43],"mutation":[44],"testing":[45],"considered":[47],"form":[49],"syntactic":[51],"coverage).":[52],"A":[53],"long":[54],"line":[55],"academic":[57],"research":[58],"efforts":[59],"have":[60],"attempted":[61],"determine":[63],"whether":[64],"relying":[65],"as":[68,103,114,116],"substitute":[70],"for":[71,153],"fault":[72],"detection":[73],"reasonable":[76],"solution":[77],"the":[79,89,135,144],"problems":[80],"suite":[83],"evaluation.":[84],"This":[85],"essay":[86,140],"argues":[87],"profusion":[90],"coverage-related":[92],"literature":[93],"part":[96],"sign":[98],"an":[100],"underlying":[101],"uncertainty":[102],"what":[105],"exactly":[106],"measuring":[110],"should":[112],"achieve,":[113],"well":[115],"how":[117],"we":[118],"would":[119],"if":[121],"can,":[123],"fact,":[125],"achieve":[126],"it.":[127],"We":[128],"propose":[129],"some":[130],"solutions":[131],"mitigations,":[133],"but":[134],"primary":[136],"focus":[137],"clarify":[143],"state":[145],"current":[147],"confusions":[148],"regarding":[149],"key":[151],"problem":[152],"effective":[154],"software":[155],"testing.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
