{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2086577112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661136.2661154","title":"In Search of Types","display_name":"In Search of Types","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2086577112","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661136.2661154","mag":"2086577112"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2661136.2661154","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661136.2661154","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming & Software","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006974433","display_name":"Stephen Kell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2702-5983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Kell","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006974433"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4541,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90943971,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"227","last_page":"241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6926395297050476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.6651847958564758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4945778548717499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type","display_name":"Type (biology)","score":0.48170262575149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.4626205265522003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4210842549800873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32720333337783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3230136036872864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.10955968499183655}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6926395297050476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.6651847958564758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4945778548717499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.48170262575149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.4626205265522003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4210842549800873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32720333337783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3230136036872864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.10955968499183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2661136.2661154","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661136.2661154","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming & Software","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kar.kent.ac.uk:69703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661136.2661154>)","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196264","display_name":"Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","host_organization_name":"University of Kent","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5860500101","display_name":"REMS: Rigorous Engineering for Mainstream Systems","funder_award_id":"EP/K008528/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7401479227","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K008528/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W70194684","https://openalex.org/W80605743","https://openalex.org/W127622208","https://openalex.org/W326743114","https://openalex.org/W1512502927","https://openalex.org/W1516748551","https://openalex.org/W1550848574","https://openalex.org/W1557561422","https://openalex.org/W1595372275","https://openalex.org/W1904183950","https://openalex.org/W1968428133","https://openalex.org/W1974312433","https://openalex.org/W1986685064","https://openalex.org/W1996404651","https://openalex.org/W1999662942","https://openalex.org/W2027657506","https://openalex.org/W2034456784","https://openalex.org/W2041905826","https://openalex.org/W2044590882","https://openalex.org/W2046613226","https://openalex.org/W2048847754","https://openalex.org/W2086991199","https://openalex.org/W2087784813","https://openalex.org/W2087828835","https://openalex.org/W2096989935","https://openalex.org/W2099305192","https://openalex.org/W2100738443","https://openalex.org/W2104204098","https://openalex.org/W2124798629","https://openalex.org/W2134119432","https://openalex.org/W2136310957","https://openalex.org/W2145821613","https://openalex.org/W2156076209","https://openalex.org/W2166822586","https://openalex.org/W2172019237","https://openalex.org/W2180178255","https://openalex.org/W2418991429","https://openalex.org/W2911980423","https://openalex.org/W2993383518","https://openalex.org/W3000593863","https://openalex.org/W4241775074","https://openalex.org/W4245021137","https://openalex.org/W4249355983","https://openalex.org/W4391149753"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045155990","https://openalex.org/W4313163053","https://openalex.org/W4300973204","https://openalex.org/W3045811229","https://openalex.org/W1483408780","https://openalex.org/W4284884309","https://openalex.org/W2908749798","https://openalex.org/W2105980483","https://openalex.org/W4243842598","https://openalex.org/W1514435881"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"concept":[1],"of":[2,31,54,72,78,104,139],"\"type\"":[3,79,105],"has":[4],"been":[5,82],"used":[6],"without":[7],"a":[8,143],"consistent,":[9],"precise":[10],"definition":[11],"in":[12,37,133],"discussions":[13],"about":[14],"programming":[15,140],"languages":[16],"for":[17],"60":[18],"years1.":[19],"In":[20],"this":[21,32,119],"essay":[22],"I":[23,117],"explore":[24],"various":[25],"concepts":[26],"lurking":[27],"behind":[28],"distinct":[29,76],"uses":[30,77],"word,":[33],"highlighting":[34],"two":[35],"traditions":[36,47,61,92],"which":[38],"the":[39,49,58,68,135],"word":[40],"came":[41],"into":[42],"use":[43],"largely":[44],"independently:":[45],"engineering":[46],"on":[48,57,64],"one":[50,102],"hand,":[51],"and":[52,70,110,124,128,137],"those":[53],"symbolic":[55],"logic":[56],"other.":[59],"These":[60],"are":[62],"founded":[63],"differing":[65],"attitudes":[66],"to":[67,113,146],"nature":[69],"purpose":[71],"abstraction,":[73],"but":[74],"their":[75],"have":[80],"never":[81],"explicitly":[83],"unified.":[84],"One":[85],"result":[86],"is":[87,108],"that":[88,130],"discourse":[89],"across":[90],"these":[91,148],"often":[93],"finds":[94],"itself":[95],"at":[96],"cross":[97],"purposes,":[98],"such":[99],"as":[100],"overapplying":[101],"sense":[103],"where":[106],"another":[107],"appropriate,":[109],"occasionally":[111],"proceeding":[112],"draw":[114],"wrong":[115],"conclusions.":[116],"illustrate":[118],"with":[120],"examples":[121],"from":[122],"well-known":[123],"justly":[125],"well-regarded":[126],"literature,":[127],"argue":[129],"ongoing":[131],"developments":[132],"both":[134],"theory":[136],"practice":[138],"make":[141],"now":[142],"good":[144],"time":[145],"resolve":[147],"problems.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}