{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2117385038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661136.2661146","title":"Towards Tierless Web Development without Tierless Languages","display_name":"Towards Tierless Web Development without Tierless Languages","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2117385038","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661136.2661146","mag":"2117385038"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2661136.2661146","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661136.2661146","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming & Software","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016694497","display_name":"Laure Philips","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Laure Philips","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042827940","display_name":"Coen De Roover","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1710-1268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"Osaka University","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["BE","JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Coen De Roover","raw_affiliation_strings":["Osaka University & Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Osaka, Japan","Osaka University & Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Osaka, Japan#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Osaka University & Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Osaka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Osaka University & Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Osaka, Japan#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083977662","display_name":"Tom Van Cutsem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4116-4290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Van Cutsem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090657641","display_name":"Wolfgang De Meuter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5229-5627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfgang De Meuter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016694497"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6073,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92847571,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"69","last_page":"81"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8428189754486084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/javascript","display_name":"JavaScript","score":0.8163002729415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.653222382068634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application","display_name":"Web application","score":0.5923057794570923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-transformation","display_name":"Program transformation","score":0.5339725017547607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-slicing","display_name":"Program slicing","score":0.5265614986419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-generation-programming-language","display_name":"Second-generation programming language","score":0.5217450857162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.46958866715431213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application-development","display_name":"Web application development","score":0.4632630944252014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fifth-generation-programming-language","display_name":"Fifth-generation programming language","score":0.43434977531433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4242934286594391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slicing","display_name":"Slicing","score":0.4159665107727051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4058667719364166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-development","display_name":"Web development","score":0.4007168412208557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.37190085649490356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-service","display_name":"Web service","score":0.24725914001464844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1921701431274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.18024051189422607}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8428189754486084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544833334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005","display_name":"JavaScript","level":2,"score":0.8163002729415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.653222382068634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.5923057794570923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778361913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248437","display_name":"Program transformation","level":2,"score":0.5339725017547607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91071405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413145","display_name":"Program slicing","level":3,"score":0.5265614986419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11164408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18657800","display_name":"Second-generation programming language","level":4,"score":0.5217450857162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.46958866715431213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120927855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application development","level":4,"score":0.4632630944252014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199305712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3205914","display_name":"Fifth-generation programming language","level":3,"score":0.43434977531433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4242934286594391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776190703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488148","display_name":"Slicing","level":2,"score":0.4159665107727051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4058667719364166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79373723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386275","display_name":"Web development","level":3,"score":0.4007168412208557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.37190085649490356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35578498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193424","display_name":"Web service","level":2,"score":0.24725914001464844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1921701431274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.18024051189422607}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2661136.2661146","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661136.2661146","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming & Software","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.487.8843","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.487.8843","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://soft.vub.ac.be/Publications/2014/vub-soft-tr-14-15.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:vubissmart:VUBISSMART:2000:88524","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://biblio.vub.ac.be/vubir/towards-tierless-web-development-without-tierless-languages(dfec54f0-ee79-4b68-b530-a6dd6a20838f).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402573","display_name":"VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3516496290","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Kakenhi Kiban (S) No. 25220003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321732","display_name":"Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie","ror":"https://ror.org/01antkr91"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322451","display_name":"Osaka University","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489262808","https://openalex.org/W1771264736","https://openalex.org/W1872241854","https://openalex.org/W1981005831","https://openalex.org/W2045776509","https://openalex.org/W2061328386","https://openalex.org/W2075139806","https://openalex.org/W2106945798","https://openalex.org/W2109375905","https://openalex.org/W2136327713","https://openalex.org/W2150620547","https://openalex.org/W2159678344","https://openalex.org/W2211011178","https://openalex.org/W2293624369","https://openalex.org/W6676527978","https://openalex.org/W6680131817","https://openalex.org/W6688776733"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2021830931","https://openalex.org/W2168210015","https://openalex.org/W58745692","https://openalex.org/W3011212783","https://openalex.org/W3154382231","https://openalex.org/W2915209496","https://openalex.org/W1015293285","https://openalex.org/W2275754524","https://openalex.org/W2522503920","https://openalex.org/W2117385038"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tierless":[0],"programming":[1,38,44,103],"languages":[2,45],"enable":[3],"developing":[4],"the":[5,29,80,90,113,117,123,128,168],"typical":[6],"server,":[7],"client":[8],"and":[9,37,122,157,186],"database":[10],"tiers":[11],"of":[12,42,56,116,138,170,183],"a":[13,17,52,161,181],"web":[14,70,176],"application":[15],"as":[16],"single":[18],"mono-linguistic":[19],"program.":[20],"This":[21,76],"development":[22,94],"style":[23],"is":[24],"in":[25,72],"stark":[26],"contrast":[27],"to":[28,67,101,135],"current":[30],"practice":[31],"which":[32],"requires":[33],"combining":[34],"multiple":[35],"technologies":[36],"languages.":[39,75],"A":[40],"myriad":[41],"tierless":[43,69,102],"has":[46],"already":[47],"been":[48],"proposed,":[49],"often":[50],"featuring":[51],"JavaScript-like":[53],"syntax.":[54],"Instead":[55],"introducing":[57],"yet":[58],"another,":[59],"we":[60,166],"advocate":[61],"that":[62,82],"it":[63],"should":[64],"be":[65],"possible":[66],"develop":[68],"applications":[71],"existing":[73],"general-purpose":[74],"not":[77],"only":[78],"reduces":[79],"complexity":[81],"developers":[83],"are":[84],"exposed":[85],"to,":[86],"but":[87],"also":[88],"precludes":[89],"need":[91],"for":[92,120,126,144,152,164,188],"new":[93,136],"tools.":[95],"We":[96,111,178],"concretize":[97],"this":[98],"novel":[99],"approach":[100,172],"by":[104],"discussing":[105],"requirements":[106],"on":[107,173],"its":[108],"future":[109,189],"instantiations.":[110],"explore":[112],"design":[114],"space":[115],"program":[118,124,142],"analysis":[119],"determining":[121],"transformation":[125],"realizing":[127],"tier":[129,145],"split":[130],"respectively.":[131],"The":[132,147],"former":[133],"corresponds":[134],"adaptations":[137],"an":[139,174],"old":[140],"familiar,":[141],"slicing,":[143],"splitting.":[146],"latter":[148],"includes":[149],"several":[150],"strategies":[151],"handling":[153],"cross-tier":[154],"function":[155],"calls":[156],"data":[158],"accesses.":[159],"Using":[160],"prototype":[162],"instantiation":[163],"JavaScript,":[165],"demonstrate":[167],"feasibility":[169],"our":[171],"example":[175],"application.":[177],"conclude":[179],"with":[180],"discussion":[182],"open":[184],"questions":[185],"challenges":[187],"research.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}