{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4229717394","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661088.2661101","title":"Design and evaluation of gradual typing for python","display_name":"Design and evaluation of gradual typing for python","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4229717394","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661088.2661101"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2661088.2661101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661088.2661101","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th ACM Symposium on Dynamic languages","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076417106","display_name":"Michael M. Vitousek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael M. Vitousek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090740023","display_name":"Andrew M. Kent","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew M. Kent","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033999458","display_name":"Jeremy G. Siek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9894-4856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy G. Siek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047936296","display_name":"J. Wesley Baker","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jim Baker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rackspace Inc., San Antonio, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rackspace Inc., San Antonio, TX, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076417106"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.7694,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":85,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99218231,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"45","last_page":"56"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8285400867462158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.7624844908714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/typing","display_name":"Typing","score":0.6458494663238525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.6154294013977051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.6013253927230835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-analysis","display_name":"Static analysis","score":0.5230987071990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exception-handling","display_name":"Exception handling","score":0.46242111921310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-safety","display_name":"Type safety","score":0.4325317144393921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.42574164271354675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.207704097032547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8285400867462158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.7624844908714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781209916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3215756","display_name":"Typing","level":2,"score":0.6458494663238525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6154294013977051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6013253927230835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.5230987071990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145428669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471748","display_name":"Exception handling","level":2,"score":0.46242111921310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44779574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736866","display_name":"Type safety","level":2,"score":0.4325317144393921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.42574164271354675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.207704097032547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2661088.2661101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661088.2661101","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th ACM Symposium on Dynamic languages","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1496853143","https://openalex.org/W1508638970","https://openalex.org/W1973186567","https://openalex.org/W1979370131","https://openalex.org/W1983256770","https://openalex.org/W2034355944","https://openalex.org/W2052973434","https://openalex.org/W2079482913","https://openalex.org/W2096368963","https://openalex.org/W2100759424","https://openalex.org/W2104216136","https://openalex.org/W2111531191","https://openalex.org/W2123357908","https://openalex.org/W2124153277","https://openalex.org/W2134720688","https://openalex.org/W2150998213","https://openalex.org/W2152419799","https://openalex.org/W2156351739","https://openalex.org/W2165046128","https://openalex.org/W2293810946","https://openalex.org/W3137596000","https://openalex.org/W3163012639","https://openalex.org/W4244807040","https://openalex.org/W6651525624","https://openalex.org/W6679419702"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379780211","https://openalex.org/W4384302888","https://openalex.org/W4323246297","https://openalex.org/W2131032015","https://openalex.org/W1545615987","https://openalex.org/W4213115047","https://openalex.org/W4235177585","https://openalex.org/W2148349940","https://openalex.org/W4249990212","https://openalex.org/W2108904538"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Combining":[0],"static":[1,31,50,66],"and":[2,27,36,42,51,68],"dynamic":[3,16,52,73],"typing":[4,17,32,53],"within":[5],"the":[6,59,65,72,81],"same":[7],"language":[8],"offers":[9],"clear":[10],"benefits":[11],"to":[12,48],"programmers.":[13],"It":[14],"provides":[15],"in":[18,54,64,71],"situations":[19],"that":[20],"require":[21],"rapid":[22],"prototyping,":[23],"heterogeneous":[24],"data":[25],"structures,":[26],"reflection,":[28],"while":[29],"supporting":[30],"when":[33],"safety,":[34],"modularity,":[35],"efficiency":[37],"are":[38],"primary":[39],"concerns.":[40],"Siek":[41],"Taha":[43],"(2006)":[44],"introduced":[45],"an":[46],"approach":[47],"combining":[49],"a":[55],"fine-grained":[56],"manner":[57],"through":[58],"notion":[60],"of":[61,83],"type":[62],"consistency":[63],"semantics":[67,82],"run-time":[69],"casts":[70],"semantics.":[74],"However,":[75],"many":[76],"open":[77],"questions":[78],"remain":[79],"regarding":[80],"gradually":[84],"typed":[85],"languages.":[86]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
