{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2149359921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2660267.2660296","title":"Context-free Attacks Using Keyboard Acoustic Emanations","display_name":"Context-free Attacks Using Keyboard Acoustic Emanations","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2149359921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2660267.2660296","mag":"2149359921"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2660267.2660296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2660267.2660296","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101718390","display_name":"Tong Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6339-1171"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tong Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University &amp; Tsinghua National Lab IOT Center WuXi, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University &amp; Tsinghua National Lab IOT Center WuXi, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100625585","display_name":"Qiang Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5791-1890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University &amp; Tsinghua National Lab IOT Center WuXi, Tsinghua, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University &amp; Tsinghua National Lab IOT Center WuXi, Tsinghua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045569652","display_name":"Shanfeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6211-3436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanfeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University &amp; HKUST, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University &amp; HKUST, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089","https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101877971","display_name":"Yunhao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6262-3313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunhao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101718390"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":28.6667,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":165,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99525168,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"453","last_page":"464"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7663310766220093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.749345064163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.6538960933685303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateration","display_name":"Multilateration","score":0.5975895524024963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-logging","display_name":"Keystroke logging","score":0.5837565660476685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4278680086135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3588474988937378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3175296187400818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.14646729826927185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.059010714292526245}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7663310766220093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.749345064163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.6538960933685303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104037064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640884","display_name":"Multilateration","level":3,"score":0.5975895524024963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161615301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309396","display_name":"Keystroke logging","level":2,"score":0.5837565660476685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4278680086135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3588474988937378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3175296187400818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.14646729826927185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.059010714292526245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2660267.2660296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2660267.2660296","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-64617","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-64617","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3488432772","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61472219","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3737756353","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61402338","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8727434288","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61125202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W192266324","https://openalex.org/W1955645522","https://openalex.org/W1975518288","https://openalex.org/W1977985044","https://openalex.org/W1986330503","https://openalex.org/W2003276999","https://openalex.org/W2006129415","https://openalex.org/W2014643169","https://openalex.org/W2033755846","https://openalex.org/W2046317813","https://openalex.org/W2055344768","https://openalex.org/W2066464191","https://openalex.org/W2067882919","https://openalex.org/W2080335657","https://openalex.org/W2086246601","https://openalex.org/W2096735547","https://openalex.org/W2099468260","https://openalex.org/W2110412069","https://openalex.org/W2111165378","https://openalex.org/W2115060254","https://openalex.org/W2119027683","https://openalex.org/W2126541908","https://openalex.org/W2128025167","https://openalex.org/W2131877534","https://openalex.org/W2143229717","https://openalex.org/W2150384167","https://openalex.org/W2150639461","https://openalex.org/W2156257723","https://openalex.org/W2156449948","https://openalex.org/W2166646151","https://openalex.org/W2171665783","https://openalex.org/W2171785275","https://openalex.org/W2718319854"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2320589413","https://openalex.org/W2065920179","https://openalex.org/W2886761711","https://openalex.org/W2889672494","https://openalex.org/W2277743221","https://openalex.org/W3163279580","https://openalex.org/W2278696264","https://openalex.org/W3129147562","https://openalex.org/W2370466952","https://openalex.org/W1990636673"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"emanations":[1,91],"of":[2,71,105,121],"electronic":[3],"and":[4,54,79,113],"mechanical":[5],"devices":[6],"have":[7],"raised":[8],"serious":[9],"privacy":[10],"concerns.":[11],"It":[12],"proves":[13],"possible":[14],"for":[15],"an":[16],"attacker":[17],"to":[18,82,88],"recover":[19,83],"the":[20,36,50,69,102,114],"keystrokes":[21,122],"by":[22,58],"acoustic":[23,90],"signal":[24],"emanations.":[25],"Most":[26],"existing":[27],"malicious":[28],"applications":[29],"adopt":[30],"contextbased":[31],"approaches,":[32],"which":[33],"assume":[34],"that":[35,117],"typed":[37,60],"texts":[38],"are":[39],"potentially":[40],"correlated.":[41],"Those":[42],"approaches":[43],"often":[44],"incur":[45],"a":[46,77],"high":[47],"cost":[48],"during":[49],"context":[51,65],"learning":[52],"stage,":[53],"can":[55,67,123],"be":[56,124],"limited":[57],"randomly":[59],"contents":[61],"(e.g.,":[62],"passwords).":[63],"Also,":[64],"correlations":[66],"increase":[68],"risk":[70],"successive":[72],"false":[73],"recognition.":[74],"We":[75,109],"present":[76],"context-free":[78],"geometry-based":[80],"approach":[81],"keystrokes.":[84],"Using":[85],"off-the-shelf":[86],"smartphones":[87],"record":[89],"from":[92],"keystrokes,":[93],"this":[94],"design":[95],"estimates":[96],"keystrokes'":[97],"physical":[98],"positions":[99],"based":[100],"on":[101],"Time":[103],"Difference":[104],"Arrival":[106],"(TDoA)":[107],"method.":[108],"conduct":[110],"extensive":[111],"experiments":[112],"results":[115],"show":[116],"more":[118],"than":[119],"72.2%":[120],"successfully":[125],"recovered.":[126],"Copyright":[127],"2014":[128],"ACM.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
