{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1986232037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2659651.2659673","title":"The Botnet Revenue Model","display_name":"The Botnet Revenue Model","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1986232037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2659651.2659673","mag":"1986232037"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2659651.2659673","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2659651.2659673","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083864640","display_name":"Giovanni Bottazzi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Bottazzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ingegneria Informatica, Universit\u00e0 di Roma \"Tor Vergata\", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ingegneria Informatica, Universit\u00e0 di Roma \"Tor Vergata\", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103636589","display_name":"Gianluigi Me","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8805-2547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56441308","display_name":"Libera Universit\u00e0 Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli","ror":"https://ror.org/01q8b6q23","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56441308"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianluigi Me","raw_affiliation_strings":["CeRSI - Research Center in Information Systems, LUISS Guido Carli University, Via T. Salvini, 2, 00197 Roma"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CeRSI - Research Center in Information Systems, LUISS Guido Carli University, Via T. Salvini, 2, 00197 Roma","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56441308"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4969,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53551609,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"459","last_page":"465"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.9370188117027283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybercrime","display_name":"Cybercrime","score":0.6831350326538086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revenue","display_name":"Revenue","score":0.5109335780143738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5062355399131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-model","display_name":"Business model","score":0.49377283453941345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.47428184747695923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sophistication","display_name":"Sophistication","score":0.4529338479042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain","display_name":"Supply chain","score":0.44901227951049805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37902528047561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.35535991191864014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.1771446168422699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.11771884560585022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.9370188117027283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779390178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29137","display_name":"Cybercrime","level":3,"score":0.6831350326538086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.5109335780143738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5062355399131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4216890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815823","display_name":"Business model","level":2,"score":0.49377283453941345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.47428184747695923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168725872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q991663","display_name":"Sophistication","level":2,"score":0.4529338479042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.44901227951049805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37902528047561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.35535991191864014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.1771446168422699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.11771884560585022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2659651.2659673","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2659651.2659673","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1650881334","https://openalex.org/W1788061570","https://openalex.org/W1977415353","https://openalex.org/W1988015967","https://openalex.org/W1996412914","https://openalex.org/W2082180526","https://openalex.org/W2141985040","https://openalex.org/W2204500561","https://openalex.org/W2914982603"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2294483539","https://openalex.org/W2378449000","https://openalex.org/W3187581118","https://openalex.org/W2938399969","https://openalex.org/W2616994865","https://openalex.org/W3143747655","https://openalex.org/W2002178493","https://openalex.org/W187406759","https://openalex.org/W1515155103"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Botnets":[0],"have":[1],"always":[2],"been":[3],"an":[4,144],"insidious":[5],"threat.":[6],"The":[7,82],"development":[8,51],"of":[9,29,31,60,84,92,96,122,132,146,162,170,177,191,199,208,215],"the":[10,27,90,93,103,147,154,159,168,174,192,196,206],"\"Internet":[11],"Of":[12],"Things\"":[13],"and":[14,22,34,62,69,72,78,202],"its":[15,212],"for-profit":[16],"exploitation":[17],"contributed":[18],"to":[19,26,55,74,88,100,112,137],"botnets":[20,133,200],"spread":[21,108,169],"sophistication,":[23],"but":[24],"also":[25,127],"rise":[28],"maturity":[30,207],"both":[32],"organizations":[33,67],"business":[35,149],"models":[36],"behind":[37,106],"them.":[38],"Cybercrime":[39],"market":[40,105,210],"had":[41],"a":[42,57,114,129],"recent":[43,213],"major":[44,193],"leap":[45],"in":[46,98,135,167,186,211],"quality,":[47],"starting":[48],"from":[49],"payload":[50],"(malware),":[52],"sophisticated":[53],"enough":[54,111],"allow":[56],"high":[58],"degree":[59],"customization":[61],"polymorphism,":[63],"subsequently":[64],"used":[65],"by":[66],"more":[68,70],"structured":[71],"specialized":[73],"provide":[75],"real,":[76],"efficient":[77],"profitable":[79],"criminal":[80,104],"cyberservices.":[81],"purpose":[83],"this":[85,209],"paper":[86],"is":[87,109,158],"describe":[89,128],"pillars":[91],"supply":[94,156],"chain":[95],"botnets,":[97,172],"order":[99,136],"highlight":[101],"that":[102],"their":[107],"mature":[110],"prefer":[113],"revenue":[115],"model":[116,150],"based":[117],"on":[118],"service":[119],"rentals,":[120],"instead":[121],"direct":[123],"monolithic":[124],"implementation.":[125],"We":[126],"possible":[130],"measure":[131],"effectiveness":[134],"identify":[138],"vulnerabilities.":[139],"As":[140],"we":[141],"will":[142],"see,":[143],"extension":[145],"Pay-Per-Install":[148],"(widely":[151],"used)":[152],"throughout":[153],"whole":[155],"chain,":[157],"natural":[160],"evolution":[161],"what":[163],"has":[164],"already":[165],"happened":[166],"many":[171],"allowing":[173],"low-risk":[175],"growth":[176],"other":[178],"productive":[179],"borderline":[180],"sectors.":[181],"This":[182],"should":[183],"be":[184],"considered,":[185],"our":[187],"opinion,":[188],"as":[189],"one":[190],"concern":[194],"about":[195],"future":[197],"trends":[198],"diffusion":[201],"would":[203],"simply":[204],"confirm":[205],"meaning":[214],"\"Cybercrime-As-a-Service\".":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
