{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2168469872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2656075.2661645","title":"Dark silicon as a challenge for hardware/software co-design","display_name":"Dark silicon as a challenge for hardware/software co-design","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2168469872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2656075.2661645","mag":"2168469872"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2656075.2661645","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2656075.2661645","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005190949","display_name":"Muhammad Shafique","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2607-8135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shafique","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010950688","display_name":"Siddharth Garg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6158-9512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siddharth Garg","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049237676","display_name":"Tulika Mitra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4136-4188"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tulika Mitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030042327","display_name":"Sri Parameswaran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0435-9080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sri Parameswaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108423074","display_name":"J\u00f6rg Henkel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00f6rg Henkel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005190949"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.9526,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98873514,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.6618453860282898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6569794416427612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.6035521626472473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-budget","display_name":"Power budget","score":0.6032776236534119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5762311220169067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.48219767212867737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.4455837309360504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.44394412636756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3701649308204651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.328747034072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.20008409023284912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09045478701591492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6618453860282898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6569794416427612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.6035521626472473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149768029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509342","display_name":"Power budget","level":4,"score":0.6032776236534119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5762311220169067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.48219767212867737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.4455837309360504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.44394412636756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3701649308204651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.328747034072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.20008409023284912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09045478701591492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2656075.2661645","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2656075.2661645","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W585658244","https://openalex.org/W1966675677","https://openalex.org/W1967950499","https://openalex.org/W1978239905","https://openalex.org/W1984222112","https://openalex.org/W1992554780","https://openalex.org/W1994875497","https://openalex.org/W1998285920","https://openalex.org/W2003313945","https://openalex.org/W2006312753","https://openalex.org/W2013978035","https://openalex.org/W2015230415","https://openalex.org/W2016582818","https://openalex.org/W2020667374","https://openalex.org/W2025746628","https://openalex.org/W2047128179","https://openalex.org/W2052282868","https://openalex.org/W2055523128","https://openalex.org/W2065439108","https://openalex.org/W2070525241","https://openalex.org/W2079942837","https://openalex.org/W2081166399","https://openalex.org/W2081186910","https://openalex.org/W2081215702","https://openalex.org/W2082581695","https://openalex.org/W2083004950","https://openalex.org/W2089162427","https://openalex.org/W2098495359","https://openalex.org/W2102905107","https://openalex.org/W2108010495","https://openalex.org/W2122421989","https://openalex.org/W2135332296","https://openalex.org/W2144392302","https://openalex.org/W2145765936","https://openalex.org/W2165027640","https://openalex.org/W2168159483","https://openalex.org/W4244327494"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2152099439","https://openalex.org/W1984163603","https://openalex.org/W3130422087","https://openalex.org/W2787993192","https://openalex.org/W3004195166","https://openalex.org/W1563139915","https://openalex.org/W2885669284","https://openalex.org/W4301184821","https://openalex.org/W2158269427","https://openalex.org/W2275805942"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Dark":[0],"Silicon":[1],"refers":[2],"to":[3,16,34,50,84,93,111,138],"the":[4,37,45,69],"observation":[5],"that":[6,71],"in":[7,32,91,140,150,174],"future":[8],"technology":[9],"nodes,":[10],"it":[11],"may":[12],"only":[13],"be":[14,51,73,112],"possible":[15],"power-on":[17],"a":[18],"fraction":[19],"of":[20,64,89,124,162,169],"on-chip":[21],"resources":[22,47],"(processing":[23],"cores,":[24],"hardware":[25],"accelerators,":[26],"cache":[27],"blocks":[28],"and":[29,40,98,103,121,132,159,166],"so":[30],"on)":[31],"order":[33,92],"stay":[35],"within":[36,101],"power":[38,102],"budget":[39],"safe":[41],"thermal":[42,104],"limits,":[43],"while":[44],"other":[46,57],"will":[48,60],"have":[49,61],"kept":[52],"powered-off":[53],"or":[54],"\"dark\".":[55],"In":[56,154],"words,":[58],"chips":[59],"an":[62],"abundance":[63,88],"transistors,":[65],"i.e.,":[66],"more":[67],"than":[68],"number":[70],"can":[72],"simultaneously":[74],"powered-on.":[75],"Heterogeneous":[76],"computing":[77],"has":[78,135],"been":[79],"proposed":[80],"as":[81],"one":[82],"way":[83],"effectively":[85],"leverage":[86],"this":[87,155],"transistors":[90],"increase":[94],"performance,":[95],"energy":[96],"efficiency":[97],"even":[99],"reliability":[100],"constraints.":[105],"However,":[106],"several":[107],"critical":[108,164],"challenges":[109,144],"remain":[110],"addressed":[113],"including":[114],"design,":[115],"automated":[116],"synthesis,":[117],"design":[118],"space":[119],"exploration":[120],"run-time":[122],"management":[123],"heterogeneous":[125,152],"dark":[126,147],"silicon":[127,148],"processors.":[128],"The":[129],"hardware/software":[130],"co-design":[131],"synthesis":[133],"community":[134],"potentially":[136],"much":[137],"contribute":[139],"solving":[141],"these":[142,163],"new":[143],"introduced":[145],"by":[146],"and,":[149],"particular,":[151],"computing.":[153],"paper,":[156],"we":[157],"identify":[158],"highlight":[160],"some":[161,168],"challenges,":[165],"outline":[167],"our":[170],"early":[171],"research":[172],"efforts":[173],"addressing":[175],"them.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
