{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2040016440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2637002.2637029","title":"What does time constraint mean to information searchers?","display_name":"What does time constraint mean to information searchers?","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2040016440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2637002.2637029","mag":"2040016440"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2637002.2637029","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2637002.2637029","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 5th Information Interaction in Context Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100353313","display_name":"Chang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9183-6385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University, Beijing, China","Peking University, Beijing, China#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067183063","display_name":"Fan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3431-2585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University, Beijing, China","Peking University, Beijing, China#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101762994","display_name":"Yu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2479-8438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University, Beijing, China","Peking University, Beijing, China#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024263028","display_name":"Qin Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0018-8069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University, Beijing, China","Peking University, Beijing, China#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100388576","display_name":"Lu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8304-7055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University, Beijing, China","Peking University, Beijing, China#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5952,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8351552,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"227","last_page":"230"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11161","display_name":"Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing","score":0.9307000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9247000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-constraint","display_name":"Time constraint","score":0.8823455572128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.7943500280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.7920933961868286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anticipation","display_name":"Anticipation (artificial intelligence)","score":0.7467856407165527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.6080371141433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5759388208389282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.545276939868927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-perception","display_name":"Time perception","score":0.4941006004810333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-time","display_name":"Response time","score":0.46198564767837524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.4391525387763977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3476223349571228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.31327736377716064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2687620222568512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1932646632194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09707766771316528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.07137995958328247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775907273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805281","display_name":"Time constraint","level":2,"score":0.8823455572128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7943500280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.7920933961868286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176777502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4774623","display_name":"Anticipation (artificial intelligence)","level":2,"score":0.7467856407165527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.6080371141433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5759388208389282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.545276939868927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172081034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185961","display_name":"Time perception","level":3,"score":0.4941006004810333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19012869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578372","display_name":"Response time","level":2,"score":0.46198564767837524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.4391525387763977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3476223349571228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.31327736377716064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2687620222568512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1932646632194519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09707766771316528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.07137995958328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2637002.2637029","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2637002.2637029","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 5th Information Interaction in Context Symposium","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3727027769","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"71303015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324787","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W42001192","https://openalex.org/W130720038","https://openalex.org/W1981261334","https://openalex.org/W1983132692","https://openalex.org/W2040774373","https://openalex.org/W2052658973","https://openalex.org/W2061596471","https://openalex.org/W2064309607","https://openalex.org/W2078170084","https://openalex.org/W2109176873","https://openalex.org/W2124806148","https://openalex.org/W2145781566","https://openalex.org/W2149011662","https://openalex.org/W2155355283","https://openalex.org/W4251113007"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2150761772","https://openalex.org/W4213201576","https://openalex.org/W1579870145","https://openalex.org/W4285549518","https://openalex.org/W2912813854","https://openalex.org/W2748511095","https://openalex.org/W2117615130","https://openalex.org/W2767933767","https://openalex.org/W4254055497","https://openalex.org/W4251751978"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,106],"explore":[4],"the":[5,119,131],"relationship":[6],"between":[7],"time":[8,30,36,43,108,115,128,138,142,149],"constraints":[9,109,139,150],"and":[10,33,60,71,91,160],"users'":[11,57,155],"assessment":[12,50],"of":[13,51,63,114,157],"their":[14,61,73,161],"search.":[15],"A":[16],"user":[17],"experiment":[18],"was":[19],"conducted.":[20],"Participants":[21],"were":[22,68,136],"asked":[23],"to":[24,117,129],"search":[25,58,64,74,132,158,162],"under":[26],"two":[27],"conditions:":[28],"with":[29,34],"constraint":[31,37,44],"(TC)":[32],"no":[35],"(NTC).":[38],"The":[39],"results":[40,146],"showed":[41],"that":[42,148],"did":[45],"not":[46],"significantly":[47,55,126],"influence":[48,153],"participants'":[49,112],"task":[52,133],"difficulty,":[53],"but":[54],"influenced":[56],"confidence":[59],"evaluation":[62],"performance.":[65],"Particularly,":[66],"participants":[67,121],"less":[69,127],"confident":[70],"considered":[72],"performance":[75],"worse":[76],"in":[77,80,99,102],"TC":[78,103],"than":[79,101,140],"NTC":[81,100],"conditions.":[82,104],"We":[83],"also":[84,110],"found":[85,107],"users":[86],"acquired":[87],"more":[88,93],"new":[89],"knowledge":[90],"had":[92,151],"positive":[94],"affective":[95],"states":[96],"after":[97],"searching":[98],"Interestingly,":[105],"affect":[111],"anticipation":[113],"needed":[116],"complete":[118,130],"task;":[120],"thought":[122],"they":[123,135],"would":[124],"need":[125],"when":[134],"given":[137],"without":[141],"constraints.":[143],"These":[144],"preliminary":[145],"suggested":[147],"remarkable":[152],"upon":[154],"perception":[156],"tasks":[159],"experience.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}