{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2158085556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/263407.263550","title":"The omni-directional treadmill","display_name":"The omni-directional treadmill","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2158085556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/263407.263550","mag":"2158085556"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/263407.263550","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/263407.263550","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology  - UIST '97","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074528088","display_name":"Rudolph P. Darken","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6750-5455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","display_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/033yfkj90","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rudolph P. Darken","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048468149","display_name":"William Cockayne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8619-3242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","display_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/033yfkj90","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William R. Cockayne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018056777","display_name":"David Carmein","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098545","display_name":"Virtual High School","ror":"https://ror.org/00ex4he60","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098545"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Carmein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virtual Space Devices, Inc., Bloomington, MN"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virtual Space Devices, Inc., Bloomington, MN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098545"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074528088"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.1332,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":365,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97007299,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"213","last_page":"221"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citation","display_name":"Citation","score":0.667582094669342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4615277349948883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/library-science","display_name":"Library science","score":0.3073931336402893}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.667582094669342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4615277349948883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.3073931336402893}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/263407.263550","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/263407.263550","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology  - UIST '97","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1576635857","https://openalex.org/W1582594879","https://openalex.org/W1980301346","https://openalex.org/W2134835560","https://openalex.org/W2159990547","https://openalex.org/W2538123074","https://openalex.org/W4237860246"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Article":[0],"Free":[1],"Access":[2],"Share":[3],"on":[4,89,142],"The":[5],"omni-directional":[6],"treadmill:":[7],"a":[8,128,160],"locomotion":[9],"device":[10],"for":[11],"virtual":[12],"worlds":[13],"Authors:":[14],"Rudolph":[15],"P.":[16],"Darken":[17],"Department":[18,27,41,50],"of":[19,28,42,51,83],"Computer":[20,29,43,52],"Science,":[21,30,44,53],"Naval":[22,31,45,54],"Postgraduate":[23,32,46,55],"School,":[24,33,47,56],"Monterey,":[25,34,48,57],"CA":[26,49],"CAView":[35,58],"Profile":[36,59,75],",":[37,60],"William":[38],"R.":[39],"Cockayne":[40],"David":[61],"Carmein":[62],"Virtual":[63,69],"Space":[64,70],"Devices,":[65,71],"Inc.,":[66,72],"Bloomington,":[67,73],"MN":[68],"MNView":[74],"Authors":[76],"Info":[77],"&":[78],"Claims":[79],"UIST":[80],"'97:":[81],"Proceedings":[82],"the":[84,143],"10th":[85],"annual":[86],"ACM":[87],"symposium":[88],"User":[90],"interface":[91],"software":[92],"and":[93,119],"technologyOctober":[94],"1997":[95],"Pages":[96],"213\u2013221https://doi.org/10.1145/263407.263550Published:01":[97],"October":[98],"1997Publication":[99],"History":[100],"207citation1,526DownloadsMetricsTotal":[101],"Citations207Total":[102],"Downloads1,526Last":[103],"12":[104],"Months165Last":[105],"6":[106],"weeks10":[107],"Get":[108],"Citation":[109,111,148],"AlertsNew":[110,147],"Alert":[112],"added!This":[113],"alert":[114,139],"has":[115,134],"been":[116,135],"successfully":[117],"added":[118],"will":[120,124],"be":[121,125],"sent":[122],"to:You":[123],"notified":[126],"whenever":[127],"record":[129],"that":[130],"you":[131],"have":[132],"chosen":[133],"cited.To":[136],"manage":[137],"your":[138,153],"preferences,":[140],"click":[141],"button":[144],"below.Manage":[145],"my":[146],"Alert!Please":[149],"log":[150],"in":[151],"to":[152,156,158],"account":[154],"Save":[155],"BinderSave":[157],"BinderCreate":[159],"New":[161],"BinderNameCancelCreateExport":[162],"CitationPublisher":[163],"SiteeReaderPDF":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}