{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2013735525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2627393.2627417","title":"Single-stroke language-agnostic keylogging using stereo-microphones and domain specific machine learning","display_name":"Single-stroke language-agnostic keylogging using stereo-microphones and domain specific machine learning","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-07-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2013735525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2627393.2627417","mag":"2013735525"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2627393.2627417","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2627393.2627417","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 ACM conference on Security and privacy in wireless & mobile networks","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015283040","display_name":"Sashank Narain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5377-3750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sashank Narain","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University , Boston, MA , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University , Boston, MA , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064196075","display_name":"Amirali Sanatinia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amirali Sanatinia","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University , Boston, MA , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University , Boston, MA , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008859536","display_name":"Guevara Noubir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5876-2874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guevara Noubir","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University , Boston, MA , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University , Boston, MA , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2176,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97155938,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"201","last_page":"212"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8444433212280273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gyroscope","display_name":"Gyroscope","score":0.6493884325027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.6358203887939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5970355868339539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-logging","display_name":"Keystroke logging","score":0.5408843159675598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5172063112258911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4465941786766052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43874621391296387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.42491039633750916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3490946888923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.34316331148147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10926726460456848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10790273547172546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8444433212280273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158488048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483400","display_name":"Gyroscope","level":2,"score":0.6493884325027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.6358203887939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5970355868339539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161615301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309396","display_name":"Keystroke logging","level":2,"score":0.5408843159675598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5172063112258911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4465941786766052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43874621391296387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.42491039633750916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3490946888923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.34316331148147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10926726460456848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10790273547172546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2627393.2627417","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2627393.2627417","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 ACM conference on Security and privacy in wireless & mobile networks","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.432.1113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.432.1113","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/amirali/publications/KeyStroke_Wisec_2014.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5699999928474426,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4922818453","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS 1409453","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337388","funder_display_name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337388","display_name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdzmk74"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W124941384","https://openalex.org/W190551272","https://openalex.org/W1533974647","https://openalex.org/W1534477342","https://openalex.org/W1963971515","https://openalex.org/W1971497680","https://openalex.org/W1993520820","https://openalex.org/W2017015501","https://openalex.org/W2043777221","https://openalex.org/W2064856281","https://openalex.org/W2074367177","https://openalex.org/W2083336803","https://openalex.org/W2090465075","https://openalex.org/W2096070062","https://openalex.org/W2099468260","https://openalex.org/W2107816859","https://openalex.org/W2113523995","https://openalex.org/W2121221235","https://openalex.org/W2124868070","https://openalex.org/W2131522727","https://openalex.org/W2133990480","https://openalex.org/W2150639461","https://openalex.org/W2294170611","https://openalex.org/W2399891510","https://openalex.org/W2400528202","https://openalex.org/W2487087946","https://openalex.org/W2505672291","https://openalex.org/W2949464457","https://openalex.org/W3022404379"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1889129279","https://openalex.org/W4387451989","https://openalex.org/W2532412374","https://openalex.org/W2063137106","https://openalex.org/W23275807","https://openalex.org/W2358715846","https://openalex.org/W2761234876","https://openalex.org/W4229455305","https://openalex.org/W2168042464","https://openalex.org/W2034270808"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mobile":[0],"phones":[1,86],"are":[2,41,142],"equipped":[3],"with":[4,200],"an":[5,48,206],"increasingly":[6],"large":[7],"number":[8,131],"of":[9,18,31,69,79,106,164,185,208,238],"precise":[10],"and":[11,20,57,71,75,87,95,102,130,133,174,188,193],"sophisticated":[12],"sensors.":[13],"This":[14],"raises":[15],"the":[16,29,44,77,104,113,126,152,162,183,186,236],"risk":[17],"direct":[19],"indirect":[21],"privacy":[22],"breaches.":[23],"In":[24],"this":[25],"paper,":[26],"we":[27,177,203,243],"investigate":[28],"feasibility":[30],"keystroke":[32],"inference":[33],"when":[34],"user":[35],"taps":[36,65],"on":[37,47,82,99,125,170,182,196],"a":[38,67,88,120,143,218,231],"soft":[39],"keyboard":[40,187,197],"captured":[42],"by":[43,180,230],"stereoscopic":[45],"microphones":[46],"Android":[49,128],"smartphone.":[50],"We":[51,73,138,221],"developed":[52],"algorithms":[53,194],"for":[54,212],"sensor-signals":[55],"processing":[56],"domain":[58],"specific":[59],"machine":[60,190],"learning":[61,191],"to":[62,103,115,151,160,234,247],"infer":[63],"key":[64,172,215],"using":[66],"combination":[68],"stereo-microphones":[70,141],"gyroscopes.":[72],"implemented":[74],"evaluated":[76],"performance":[78],"our":[80,100,107,109],"system":[81,110],"two":[83],"popular":[84],"mobile":[85],"tablet:":[89],"Samsung":[90,92],"S2,":[91],"Tab":[93],"8":[94],"HTC":[96],"One.":[97],"Based":[98],"experiments,":[101],"best":[105],"knowledge,":[108],"(1)":[111],"is":[112,135],"first":[114],"exceed":[116],"90%":[117,209],"accuracy":[118,163,207],"requiring":[119],"single":[121,219],"attempt,":[122],"(2)":[123],"operates":[124],"standard":[127],"QWERTY":[129],"keyboards,":[132],"(3)":[134],"language":[136],"agnostic.":[137],"show":[139,178],"that":[140,179],"much":[144,213],"more":[145],"effective":[146],"side":[147],"channel":[148],"as":[149],"compared":[150],"gyroscope,":[153],"however,":[154],"their":[155],"data":[156],"can":[157,204,227],"be":[158,228],"combined":[159,199],"boost":[161],"prediction.":[165],"While":[166],"previous":[167],"studies":[168],"focused":[169],"larger":[171],"sizes":[173,216],"repetitive":[175],"attempts,":[176],"focusing":[181],"specifics":[184],"creating":[189],"models":[192],"based":[195],"areas":[198],"adequate":[201],"filtering,":[202],"achieve":[205],"-":[210],"94%":[211],"smaller":[214],"in":[217],"attempt.":[220],"also":[222],"demonstrate":[223],"how":[224],"such":[225],"attacks":[226],"instrumentalized":[229],"malicious":[232],"application":[233],"log":[235],"keystrokes":[237],"other":[239],"sensitive":[240],"applications.":[241],"Finally,":[242],"describe":[244],"some":[245],"techniques":[246],"mitigate":[248],"these":[249],"attacks.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}