{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2070206390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2620030","title":"Human Perception of Visual Realism for Photo and Computer-Generated Face Images","display_name":"Human Perception of Visual Realism for Photo and Computer-Generated Face Images","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2070206390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2620030","mag":"2070206390"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2620030","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2620030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32453091","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Applied Perception","issn_l":"1544-3558","issn":["1544-3558","1544-3965"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Applied Perception","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100777508","display_name":"Shaojing Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7744-1133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaojing Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ningbo University, Ningbo, China","Ningbo University, ningbo, china#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ningbo University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ningbo University, ningbo, china#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054666269","display_name":"Rangding Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2576-8705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rangding Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ningbo University, Ningbo, China","Ningbo University, ningbo, china#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ningbo University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ningbo University, ningbo, china#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002069408","display_name":"Tian-Tsong Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6713-2310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian-Tsong Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073326796","display_name":"Cheston Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1248-4906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheston Y.-C. Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073870753","display_name":"Jonathan S. Herberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan S. Herberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I3004594783"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027445522","display_name":"Bryan L. Koenig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7601-5992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98865867","display_name":"Lindenwood University","ror":"https://ror.org/01qf95793","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98865867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bryan L. Koenig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lindenwood University, MO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lindenwood University, MO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98865867"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7003,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67700344,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12650","display_name":"Aesthetic Perception and Analysis","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/realism","display_name":"Realism","score":0.7634742856025696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6174955368041992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5907026529312134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5049989819526672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-perception","display_name":"Face perception","score":0.4793020784854889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.460703045129776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4089271128177643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3861895501613617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.37904614210128784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.2108851671218872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-arts","display_name":"Visual arts","score":0.20872542262077332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.062120288610458374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.0531715452671051}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543847140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2642826","display_name":"Realism","level":2,"score":0.7634742856025696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6174955368041992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5907026529312134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5049989819526672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161657702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529895","display_name":"Face perception","level":3,"score":0.4793020784854889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.460703045129776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4089271128177643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3861895501613617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37904614210128784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.2108851671218872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.20872542262077332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.062120288610458374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0531715452671051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2620030","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2620030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S32453091","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Applied Perception","issn_l":"1544-3558","issn":["1544-3558","1544-3965"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Applied Perception","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.712.2199","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.712.2199","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www1.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/%7Ettng/VisualRealism/pdf/paper2.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.712.6638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.712.6638","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www1.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/%7Ettng/VisualRealism/pdf/paper2_downsized.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.722.6519","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.722.6519","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www1.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/%7Ettng/VisualRealism/pdf/Fan_Abstract_2.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":113,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113578986","https://openalex.org/W177956095","https://openalex.org/W568267356","https://openalex.org/W965021345","https://openalex.org/W1504607447","https://openalex.org/W1510737227","https://openalex.org/W1515833090","https://openalex.org/W1596017546","https://openalex.org/W1604373541","https://openalex.org/W1964630269","https://openalex.org/W1965003857","https://openalex.org/W1971147682","https://openalex.org/W1974413721","https://openalex.org/W1983006628","https://openalex.org/W1986530040","https://openalex.org/W1989563738","https://openalex.org/W1991100853","https://openalex.org/W1992585947","https://openalex.org/W1997143868","https://openalex.org/W1998681761","https://openalex.org/W1999828095","https://openalex.org/W2001376615","https://openalex.org/W2003026775","https://openalex.org/W2004126537","https://openalex.org/W2007214895","https://openalex.org/W2009005995","https://openalex.org/W2010656503","https://openalex.org/W2013130990","https://openalex.org/W2016793822","https://openalex.org/W2017909714","https://openalex.org/W2018692532","https://openalex.org/W2022130264","https://openalex.org/W2023169041","https://openalex.org/W2023961799","https://openalex.org/W2025743418","https://openalex.org/W2027926797","https://openalex.org/W2029379036","https://openalex.org/W2029450947","https://openalex.org/W2029805795","https://openalex.org/W2032734169","https://openalex.org/W2034613565","https://openalex.org/W2037218957","https://openalex.org/W2040053317","https://openalex.org/W2046306942","https://openalex.org/W2048735955","https://openalex.org/W2052377662","https://openalex.org/W2063780177","https://openalex.org/W2072333339","https://openalex.org/W2072587119","https://openalex.org/W2073367016","https://openalex.org/W2075121425","https://openalex.org/W2077629111","https://openalex.org/W2082498363","https://openalex.org/W2083779601","https://openalex.org/W2085869648","https://openalex.org/W2089548945","https://openalex.org/W2092367403","https://openalex.org/W2093386409","https://openalex.org/W2094953135","https://openalex.org/W2095418520","https://openalex.org/W2096456606","https://openalex.org/W2098099160","https://openalex.org/W2100307458","https://openalex.org/W2100789735","https://openalex.org/W2101790396","https://openalex.org/W2106568252","https://openalex.org/W2111572732","https://openalex.org/W2112314727","https://openalex.org/W2113404166","https://openalex.org/W2114682530","https://openalex.org/W2115636120","https://openalex.org/W2117725534","https://openalex.org/W2121320820","https://openalex.org/W2121508341","https://openalex.org/W2121828255","https://openalex.org/W2122852424","https://openalex.org/W2123714353","https://openalex.org/W2124412089","https://openalex.org/W2125386987","https://openalex.org/W2126574640","https://openalex.org/W2129261077","https://openalex.org/W2130137746","https://openalex.org/W2130808666","https://openalex.org/W2133284182","https://openalex.org/W2135219987","https://openalex.org/W2136132248","https://openalex.org/W2137965574","https://openalex.org/W2149194912","https://openalex.org/W2151152593","https://openalex.org/W2152955456","https://openalex.org/W2155820912","https://openalex.org/W2158970114","https://openalex.org/W2160153449","https://openalex.org/W2160646256","https://openalex.org/W2160970501","https://openalex.org/W2165633874","https://openalex.org/W2166168152","https://openalex.org/W2166802755","https://openalex.org/W2168947288","https://openalex.org/W2168989064","https://openalex.org/W2169332647","https://openalex.org/W2172074060","https://openalex.org/W2223285751","https://openalex.org/W2237250383","https://openalex.org/W2984516443","https://openalex.org/W3114284325","https://openalex.org/W3122078363","https://openalex.org/W4230550383","https://openalex.org/W4234972732","https://openalex.org/W4249744182","https://openalex.org/W4301409532","https://openalex.org/W6604626575","https://openalex.org/W6772494849"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2387507339","https://openalex.org/W2785590221","https://openalex.org/W2980071750","https://openalex.org/W2087303720","https://openalex.org/W2032734169","https://openalex.org/W2297280462","https://openalex.org/W2783341035","https://openalex.org/W1973628467","https://openalex.org/W2469381178","https://openalex.org/W2615710567"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computer-generated":[0],"(CG)":[1],"face":[2,34,80,92,95,119,198,204,212,237,241],"images":[3,35,98,124,183,238],"are":[4,140,194],"common":[5],"in":[6,16,75,142],"video":[7],"games,":[8],"advertisements,":[9],"and":[10,97,105,123,137,173,203],"other":[11],"media.":[12],"CG":[13,65],"faces":[14,100],"vary":[15],"their":[17],"degree":[18],"of":[19,30,33,46,79,99,129,146,211,217,233],"realism,":[20,202],"a":[21,43,59,64,223],"factor":[22],"that":[23,101,125,134,162,174,192],"impacts":[24],"viewer":[25],"reactions.":[26],"Therefore,":[27],"efficient":[28],"control":[29,39],"visual":[31,47,76,87,114,143,177,201,234],"realism":[32,48,77,88,115,144,178,210,235],"is":[36,40,156,165,206,222],"important.":[37],"Efficient":[38],"enabled":[41],"by":[42],"deep":[44],"understanding":[45],"perception:":[49],"the":[50,72,103,195,215,230],"extent":[51],"to":[52,228],"which":[53],"viewers":[54],"judge":[55],"an":[56],"image":[57],"as":[58],"real":[60],"photograph":[61],"rather":[62],"than":[63,168],"image.":[66],"Across":[67],"two":[68],"experiments,":[69],"we":[70,190],"explored":[71],"processes":[73],"involved":[74,141],"perception":[78,145,232,242],"images.":[81,188],"In":[82,109],"Experiment":[83,110],"1,":[84],"participants":[85,112],"made":[86,113],"judgments":[89,116,179],"on":[90,117,236],"original":[91,118],"images,":[93,96,120],"inverted":[94],"had":[102],"top":[104],"bottom":[106],"halves":[107],"misaligned.":[108],"2,":[111],"scrambled":[121],"faces,":[122,147],"showed":[126],"different":[127],"parts":[128],"faces.":[130],"Our":[131,158],"findings":[132],"indicate":[133],"both":[135],"holistic":[136,149,171],"piecemeal":[138],"processing":[139,150],"with":[148,239],"becoming":[151],"more":[152,166],"dominant":[153],"when":[154],"resolution":[155],"lower.":[157],"results":[159],"also":[160],"suggest":[161],"shading":[163],"information":[164],"important":[167],"color":[169],"for":[170,181,186,200,208],"processing,":[172],"inversion":[175],"makes":[176],"harder":[180],"realistic":[182],"but":[184],"not":[185],"unrealistic":[187],"Furthermore,":[189],"found":[191],"eyes":[193],"most":[196],"influential":[197],"part":[199],"context":[205],"critical":[207],"evaluating":[209],"parts.":[213],"To":[214],"best":[216],"our":[218],"knowledge,":[219],"this":[220],"work":[221],"first":[224],"realism-centric":[225],"study":[226],"attempting":[227],"bridge":[229],"human":[231],"general":[240],"tasks.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
