{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2092535517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2597652.2597664","title":"Galaxy","display_name":"Galaxy","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2092535517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2597652.2597664","mag":"2092535517"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2597652.2597664","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2597652.2597664","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th ACM international conference on Supercomputing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003405776","display_name":"Yigit Demir","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yigit Demir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091437311","display_name":"Yan Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4546-2351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35662394","display_name":"GlobalFoundries (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02h0ps145","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35662394"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Globalfoundries Inc., Malta, NY, USA","GLOBALFOUNDRIES, Inc., MALTA, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Globalfoundries Inc., Malta, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35662394"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GLOBALFOUNDRIES, Inc., MALTA, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35662394"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049158121","display_name":"Seukwoo Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seukwoo Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea","KAIST, Daejeon , South Korea#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KAIST, Daejeon , South Korea#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077219627","display_name":"Nikos Hardavellas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1137-8100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikos Hardavellas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100698124","display_name":"John Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3958-3891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea","KAIST, Daejeon , South Korea#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KAIST, Daejeon , South Korea#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076815775","display_name":"Gokhan Memik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gokhan Memik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4869,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95979955,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"303","last_page":"312"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6029244661331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.5741692781448364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.5653713941574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.525549054145813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-interconnect","display_name":"Optical interconnect","score":0.46873340010643005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.4608802795410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interconnection","display_name":"Interconnection","score":0.43023383617401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonics","display_name":"Photonics","score":0.4234154224395752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-core-processor","display_name":"Multi-core processor","score":0.4183390438556671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3242324888706207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3211798667907715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.2933022975921631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2675580382347107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2212631106376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.20178541541099548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10708552598953247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6029244661331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5741692781448364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.5653713941574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.525549054145813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777759342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098860","display_name":"Optical interconnect","level":3,"score":0.46873340010643005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.4608802795410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123745756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665949","display_name":"Interconnection","level":2,"score":0.43023383617401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.4234154224395752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78766204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555032","display_name":"Multi-core processor","level":2,"score":0.4183390438556671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3242324888706207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3211798667907715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.2933022975921631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2675580382347107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2212631106376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.20178541541099548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10708552598953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2597652.2597664","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2597652.2597664","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 28th ACM international conference on Supercomputing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3125894217","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2013R1A2A2A01069132","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3372338776","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10041313","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6284191999","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10041313","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334879","funder_display_name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8031211252","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1218768, CCF-0747201, and CCF-0916746","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","funder_display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334879","display_name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z9cwa38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337387","display_name":"Division of Computing and Communication Foundations","ror":"https://ror.org/01mng8331"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501077214","https://openalex.org/W1977393666","https://openalex.org/W1985818188","https://openalex.org/W1985918017","https://openalex.org/W2006312753","https://openalex.org/W2008493894","https://openalex.org/W2015659026","https://openalex.org/W2028606634","https://openalex.org/W2056470063","https://openalex.org/W2065439108","https://openalex.org/W2072718456","https://openalex.org/W2073013230","https://openalex.org/W2096383657","https://openalex.org/W2096864363","https://openalex.org/W2096910408","https://openalex.org/W2104741809","https://openalex.org/W2104989962","https://openalex.org/W2118703320","https://openalex.org/W2119347633","https://openalex.org/W2119565088","https://openalex.org/W2125964296","https://openalex.org/W2126475076","https://openalex.org/W2127795402","https://openalex.org/W2128784961","https://openalex.org/W2135129294","https://openalex.org/W2154857344","https://openalex.org/W2162639668","https://openalex.org/W2166984288","https://openalex.org/W2170382128","https://openalex.org/W2171721604","https://openalex.org/W2624959925","https://openalex.org/W3150685302"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058965144","https://openalex.org/W2164382479","https://openalex.org/W98480971","https://openalex.org/W2150291671","https://openalex.org/W2027972911","https://openalex.org/W2146343568","https://openalex.org/W3012895752","https://openalex.org/W1989581220","https://openalex.org/W2489653725","https://openalex.org/W2376960824"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,100],"scalability":[1],"trends":[2],"of":[3,31,75,87,104,110,131,138,148,169],"modern":[4],"semiconductor":[5],"technology":[6],"lead":[7],"to":[8,26,48,55,144,156,195,208],"increasingly":[9],"dense":[10],"multicore":[11],"chips.":[12],"Unfortunately,":[13],"physical":[14],"limitations":[15],"in":[16],"area,":[17,157],"power,":[18,116,158],"off-chip":[19],"bandwidth,":[20,66],"and":[21,43,68,112,117,127,159,183,198],"yield":[22],"constrain":[23],"single-chip":[24,52,174],"designs":[25,39],"a":[27,62,88,149,209],"relatively":[28],"small":[29],"number":[30],"cores,":[32,139],"beyond":[33,72],"which":[34],"scaling":[35],"becomes":[36],"impractical.":[37],"Multi-chip":[38],"overcome":[40],"these":[41],"constraints,":[42],"can":[44],"reach":[45,74],"scales":[46,194],"impossible":[47],"realize":[49],"with":[50,65,176,211],"conventional":[51],"architectures.":[53],"However,":[54],"deliver":[56],"commensurate":[57],"performance,":[58],"multi-chip":[59],"architectures":[60],"require":[61],"cross-chip":[63],"interconnect":[64],"latency,":[67],"energy":[69],"consumption":[70],"well":[71],"the":[73,85,107,121,124,135,141,146,172],"electrical":[76,177],"signaling.":[77],"We":[78,190],"propose":[79],"Galaxy,":[80],"an":[81],"architecture":[82],"that":[83,152,165,192],"enables":[84],"construction":[86],"many-core":[89],"\"virtual":[90],"chip\"":[91],"by":[92],"connecting":[93],"multiple":[94],"smaller":[95,185],"chiplets":[96],"through":[97],"optical":[98,102,132],"fibers.":[99],"low":[101,125],"loss":[103],"fibers":[105],"allows":[106],"flexible":[108],"placement":[109],"chiplets,":[111],"offers":[113],"simpler":[114],"packaging,":[115],"heat":[118],"requirements.":[119],"At":[120],"same":[122],"time,":[123],"latency":[126],"high":[128],"bandwidth":[129,160],"density":[130],"signaling":[133],"maintain":[134],"tight":[136],"coupling":[137],"allowing":[140],"virtual":[142],"chip":[143,151],"match":[145],"performance":[147],"single":[150],"is":[153],"not":[154],"subject":[155],"limitations.":[161],"Our":[162],"results":[163],"indicate":[164],"Galaxy":[166,193],"attains":[167,199],"speedup":[168,201],"2.2x":[170],"over":[171],"best":[173],"alternatives":[175],"or":[178],"photonic":[179],"interconnects":[180],"(3.4x":[181],"maximum),":[182],"2.6x":[184],"energy-delay":[186],"product":[187],"(6.8x":[188],"maximum).":[189],"show":[191],"4K":[196],"cores":[197],"2.5x":[200],"at":[202],"6x":[203],"lower":[204],"laser":[205],"power":[206],"compared":[207],"Macrochip":[210],"silicon":[212],"waveguides.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}