{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2117625414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2594445","title":"Neuroscience meets cryptography","display_name":"Neuroscience meets cryptography","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-04-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2117625414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2594445","mag":"2117625414"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2594445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2594445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032538083","display_name":"Hristo Bojinov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hristo Bojinov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104522052","display_name":"Daniel J. Sanchez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Sanchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University, Evanston, IL"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080986046","display_name":"Paul J. Reber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0000-5421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Reber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University, Evanston, IL"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027798962","display_name":"Dan Boneh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0820-0421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Boneh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003908930","display_name":"Patrick Lincoln","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099336","display_name":"Menlo School","ror":"https://ror.org/01240pn49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Lincoln","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI International, Menlo Park, CA","SRI International, Menlo Park,CA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International, Menlo Park, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152","https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International, Menlo Park,CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152","https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032538083"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.3112,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96328446,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"5","first_page":"110","last_page":"118"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.8212268948554993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7353625893592834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secrecy","display_name":"Secrecy","score":0.7045362591743469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.626675009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6228873133659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptanalysis","display_name":"Cryptanalysis","score":0.5494007468223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-cracking","display_name":"Password cracking","score":0.5100610852241516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deception","display_name":"Deception","score":0.44499480724334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-password","display_name":"Cognitive password","score":0.44310736656188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3337025046348572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-strength","display_name":"Password strength","score":0.3079546391963959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-time-password","display_name":"One-time password","score":0.2257668375968933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1374235451221466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.08920043706893921}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.8212268948554993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7353625893592834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.7045362591743469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.626675009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6228873133659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181149355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897511","display_name":"Cryptanalysis","level":3,"score":0.5494007468223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3847113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2746524","display_name":"Password cracking","level":5,"score":0.5100610852241516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779267917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170028","display_name":"Deception","level":2,"score":0.44499480724334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23875713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141232","display_name":"Cognitive password","level":5,"score":0.44310736656188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3337025046348572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70530487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990841","display_name":"Password strength","level":4,"score":0.3079546391963959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89479133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137840","display_name":"One-time password","level":3,"score":0.2257668375968933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1374235451221466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.08920043706893921}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2594445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2594445","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333591","display_name":"Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016900498","https://openalex.org/W2026455994","https://openalex.org/W2066426335","https://openalex.org/W2114605895","https://openalex.org/W2137067947","https://openalex.org/W2140247012","https://openalex.org/W2141731854","https://openalex.org/W2142598164","https://openalex.org/W3020856174","https://openalex.org/W4246426591"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982158666","https://openalex.org/W137322897","https://openalex.org/W3131491961","https://openalex.org/W2969720675","https://openalex.org/W2054626033","https://openalex.org/W2021087413","https://openalex.org/W2953105088","https://openalex.org/W2906808255","https://openalex.org/W2017283799","https://openalex.org/W3042043427"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cryptographic":[0],"systems":[1],"often":[2,42],"rely":[3],"on":[4],"the":[5,21,31,43,57,77,106,110,164],"secrecy":[6],"of":[7,59,70,76,105,131,137],"cryptographic":[8],"keys":[9],"given":[10],"to":[11,29,46,68,87,91,144,158],"users.":[12],"Many":[13],"schemes,":[14],"however,":[15],"cannot":[16,119],"resist":[17],"coercion":[18,54],"attacks":[19,55],"where":[20],"user":[22,90,138],"is":[23],"forcibly":[24],"asked":[25],"by":[26],"an":[27],"attacker":[28],"reveal":[30],"key.":[32],"These":[33],"attacks,":[34],"known":[35],"as":[36],"rubber":[37],"hose":[38],"cryptanalysis":[39],",":[40],"are":[41,156],"easiest":[44],"way":[45],"defeat":[47],"cryptography.":[48],"We":[49,80,133],"present":[50],"a":[51,82,89,94,135],"defense":[52],"against":[53],"using":[56,140],"concept":[58],"implicit":[60],"learning":[61,66,69],"from":[62],"cognitive":[63],"psychology.":[64],"Implicit":[65],"refers":[67],"patterns":[71],"without":[72,97],"any":[73,100],"conscious":[74,103,129],"knowledge":[75,104,130],"learned":[78],"pattern.":[79],"use":[81],"carefully":[83],"crafted":[84],"computer":[85],"game":[86],"allow":[88],"implicitly":[92],"learn":[93],"secret":[95,112],"password":[96],"them":[98],"having":[99],"explicit":[101],"or":[102,160],"trained":[107,111,165],"password.":[108],"While":[109],"can":[113,148],"be":[114,120],"used":[115],"for":[116],"authentication,":[117],"participants":[118,147],"coerced":[121],"into":[122],"revealing":[123],"it":[124],"since":[125],"they":[126,155],"have":[127],"no":[128],"it.":[132],"performed":[134],"number":[136],"studies":[139],"Amazon's":[141],"Mechanical":[142],"Turk":[143],"verify":[145],"that":[146,154],"successfully":[149],"re-authenticate":[150],"over":[151],"time":[152],"and":[153],"unable":[157],"reconstruct":[159],"even":[161],"robustly":[162],"recognize":[163],"secret.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}