{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2135849756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2590296.2590344","title":"Shades of gray","display_name":"Shades of gray","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2135849756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2590296.2590344","mag":"2135849756"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2590296.2590344","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2590296.2590344","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 9th ACM symposium on Information, computer and communications security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059993194","display_name":"Jelena Isacenkova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1902872","display_name":"EURECOM","ror":"https://ror.org/00sse7z02","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1902872","https://openalex.org/I205703379"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jelena Isacenkova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eurecom, Sophia Antipolis, France","EURECOM Sophia Antipolis, France#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eurecom, Sophia Antipolis, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1902872"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"EURECOM Sophia Antipolis, France#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1902872"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002025561","display_name":"Davide Balzarotti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5957-6213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1902872","display_name":"EURECOM","ror":"https://ror.org/00sse7z02","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1902872","https://openalex.org/I205703379"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide Balzarotti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eurecom, Sophia Antipolis, France","EURECOM Sophia Antipolis, France#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eurecom, Sophia Antipolis, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1902872"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"EURECOM Sophia Antipolis, France#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1902872"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059993194"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1902872"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7889,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8289885,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"377","last_page":"388"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7431281208992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gray","display_name":"Gray (unit)","score":0.5946505665779114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.54240483045578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.5187159180641174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spamming","display_name":"Spamming","score":0.4417000412940979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.42468971014022827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/page-view","display_name":"Page view","score":0.42188602685928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.4167479872703552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spambot","display_name":"Spambot","score":0.41435372829437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3655429482460022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.22321316599845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21194010972976685}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7431281208992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166275286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190095","display_name":"Gray (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5946505665779114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.54240483045578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.5187159180641174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158955206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83058","display_name":"Spamming","level":3,"score":0.4417000412940979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.42468971014022827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103645729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911187","display_name":"Page view","level":5,"score":0.42188602685928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4167479872703552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127735637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2306702","display_name":"Spambot","level":4,"score":0.41435372829437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3655429482460022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.22321316599845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21194010972976685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11392498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11288","display_name":"Web server","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173576120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2641220","display_name":"Static web page","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2590296.2590344","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2590296.2590344","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 9th ACM symposium on Information, computer and communications security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1320126135","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"257007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334960","funder_display_name":"Seventh Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334960","display_name":"Seventh Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8020565","https://openalex.org/W37118932","https://openalex.org/W113187444","https://openalex.org/W134335166","https://openalex.org/W205828981","https://openalex.org/W1500507701","https://openalex.org/W1529075208","https://openalex.org/W1929374880","https://openalex.org/W2002537105","https://openalex.org/W2018025646","https://openalex.org/W2039724772","https://openalex.org/W2087027764","https://openalex.org/W2091692346","https://openalex.org/W2101263100","https://openalex.org/W2108214308","https://openalex.org/W2113344319","https://openalex.org/W2119672021","https://openalex.org/W2120960514","https://openalex.org/W2131681506","https://openalex.org/W2140448796","https://openalex.org/W2147891303","https://openalex.org/W2163764145","https://openalex.org/W2406563751","https://openalex.org/W3099768174","https://openalex.org/W6601526802","https://openalex.org/W6605430323","https://openalex.org/W6608475643","https://openalex.org/W6677643175","https://openalex.org/W6713671097"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018000323","https://openalex.org/W2403960249","https://openalex.org/W2095720311","https://openalex.org/W384368127","https://openalex.org/W2229063547","https://openalex.org/W1550559420","https://openalex.org/W1502194589","https://openalex.org/W2080521416","https://openalex.org/W2139156400","https://openalex.org/W2247971863"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Every":[0],"day,":[1],"millions":[2],"of":[3,9,27,72,80,93,124,153,180,188,222,232],"users":[4,43],"spend":[5],"a":[6,151,177,202,211],"considerable":[7],"amount":[8],"time":[10],"browsing":[11],"through":[12],"the":[13,28,31,64,73,78,89,107,139,162,183,220,227],"messages":[14,29,62,98],"in":[15,30,83,182],"their":[16,168,171],"spam":[17,111],"folders.":[18],"With":[19],"newsletters":[20],"and":[21,52,135,165,170,194],"automated":[22,110],"notifications":[23],"responsible":[24],"for":[25,214],"42%":[26],"user's":[32],"inboxes,":[33],"inevitably":[34],"some":[35],"important":[36],"emails":[37,118,141,181],"get":[38],"misclassified":[39],"as":[40],"spam.":[41,81],"Unfortunately,":[42],"are":[44,67,186],"often":[45,90],"unable":[46],"to":[47,57,132,160,200],"take":[48],"security":[49],"related":[50],"decisions,":[51],"tools":[53],"provide":[54],"no":[55],"assistance":[56],"easily":[58],"distinguish":[59],"harmless":[60],"commercial":[61],"from":[63],"ones":[65],"that":[66,99,156,176,207],"most":[68],"certainly":[69],"malevolent.":[70],"Most":[71],"previous":[74],"studies":[75],"focused":[76],"on":[77],"detection":[79],"Instead,":[82],"this":[84,225],"paper":[85],"we":[86,115,149,166],"look":[87],"into":[88,122,210],"overlooked":[91],"area":[92,142,185],"gray":[94,140,184],"emails,":[95],"i.e.,":[96],"those":[97],"cannot":[100],"be":[101,158,201],"clearly":[102],"categorized":[103],"one":[104],"way":[105],"or":[106],"other":[108],"by":[109,119,137],"filters.":[112],"In":[113],"particular,":[114],"analyze":[116],"real-world":[117,229],"grouping":[120],"them":[121],"clusters":[123],"bulk":[125,190,217],"email":[126],"campaigns.":[127],"Our":[128,173],"approach":[129],"is":[130,226],"able":[131],"automatically":[133],"classify":[134],"reduce":[136],"half":[138],"with":[143],"only":[144],"0.2%":[145],"false":[146],"positives.":[147],"Moreover,":[148],"identify":[150],"number":[152],"campaign":[154,163],"features":[155],"can":[157],"used":[159],"predict":[161],"category":[164],"discuss":[167],"effectiveness":[169],"limitations.":[172],"experiments":[174],"show":[175],"large":[178,203],"fraction":[179],"composed":[187],"legitimate":[189,216],"emails:":[191],"newsletters,":[192],"notifications,":[193],"marketing":[195],"offers.":[196],"The":[197],"latter":[198],"appears":[199],"e-marketing":[204],"business":[205],"industry":[206],"has":[208],"grown":[209],"complex":[212],"infrastructure":[213],"sending":[215],"emails.":[218,234],"To":[219],"best":[221],"our":[223],"knowledge,":[224],"first":[228],"empirical":[230],"study":[231],"such":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}