{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2027237225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2590296.2590298","title":"A three-way investigation of a game-CAPTCHA","display_name":"A three-way investigation of a game-CAPTCHA","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2027237225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2590296.2590298","mag":"2027237225"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2590296.2590298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2590296.2590298","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 9th ACM symposium on Information, computer and communications security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020892883","display_name":"Manar Mohamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5342-0744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manar Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063145886","display_name":"Niharika Sachdeva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2053-6198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119939252","display_name":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/03vfp4g33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niharika Sachdeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi, India","Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi, INDIA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi, INDIA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082363067","display_name":"Michael Georgescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2048-1799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Georgescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017036839","display_name":"Song Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3427-0167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059730489","display_name":"Nitesh Saxena","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6083-104X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nitesh Saxena","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061568662","display_name":"Chengcui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5868-6450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengcui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077509916","display_name":"Ponnurangam Kumaraguru","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5082-2078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ponnurangam Kumaraguru","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011846293","display_name":"Paul C. van Oorschot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5038-5370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul C. van Oorschot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072192748","display_name":"Wei-Bang Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11786554","display_name":"Virginia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04esvpn06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11786554"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Bang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA, USA","[Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11786554"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11786554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020892883"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.2004,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98560219,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"195","last_page":"206"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/captcha","display_name":"CAPTCHA","score":0.9966399669647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7560120820999146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.7170257568359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.502530574798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.4462166130542755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solver","display_name":"Solver","score":0.44100168347358704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34759530425071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08891725540161133}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163339463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484598","display_name":"CAPTCHA","level":2,"score":0.9966399669647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7560120820999146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.7170257568359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.502530574798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.4462166130542755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.44100168347358704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34759530425071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08891725540161133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2590296.2590298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2590296.2590298","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 9th ACM symposium on Information, computer and communications security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7806377133","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1255919","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337388","funder_display_name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337388","display_name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdzmk74"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19399978","https://openalex.org/W180870158","https://openalex.org/W591743112","https://openalex.org/W1483030074","https://openalex.org/W1491356287","https://openalex.org/W1560502112","https://openalex.org/W1591743417","https://openalex.org/W1603565383","https://openalex.org/W1945788957","https://openalex.org/W1973039301","https://openalex.org/W2004446368","https://openalex.org/W2015824828","https://openalex.org/W2032191478","https://openalex.org/W2035485237","https://openalex.org/W2084062832","https://openalex.org/W2088301450","https://openalex.org/W2108290480","https://openalex.org/W2115601549","https://openalex.org/W2120801852","https://openalex.org/W2125561172","https://openalex.org/W2318902448","https://openalex.org/W2350778671","https://openalex.org/W2605841998"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3134776999","https://openalex.org/W1975364925","https://openalex.org/W2064097623","https://openalex.org/W2566963304","https://openalex.org/W2028308373","https://openalex.org/W2111502540","https://openalex.org/W1502766620","https://openalex.org/W2770704788","https://openalex.org/W1966530388","https://openalex.org/W3133610743"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existing":[0],"captcha":[1,26],"solutions":[2],"on":[3],"the":[4,32,49,102],"Internet":[5],"are":[6,15,122],"a":[7,28,53,59,66,70],"major":[8],"source":[9],"of":[10,37,61,69,73],"user":[11,50],"frustration.":[12],"Game":[13,44],"captchas":[14,39,46,105],"an":[16],"interesting":[17],"and,":[18,109],"to":[19,24,51,117,125],"date,":[20],"little-studied":[21],"approach":[22],"claiming":[23],"make":[25],"solving":[27],"fun":[29],"activity":[30],"for":[31],"users.":[33],"One":[34],"broad":[35],"form":[36],"such":[38,81],"--":[40,47],"called":[41],"Dynamic":[42],"Cognitive":[43],"(DCG)":[45],"challenge":[48],"perform":[52],"game-like":[54],"cognitive":[55],"task":[56],"interacting":[57],"with":[58],"series":[60],"dynamic":[62],"images.":[63],"We":[64,76],"pursue":[65],"comprehensive":[67],"analysis":[68],"representative":[71],"category":[72],"DCG":[74,104],"captchas.":[75],"formalize,":[77],"design":[78],"and":[79,83,95],"implement":[80],"captchas,":[82,113],"dissect":[84],"them":[85],"across:":[86],"(1)":[87],"fully":[88],"automated":[89,129],"attacks,":[90,94,119],"(2)":[91],"human-solver":[92],"relay":[93,118],"(3)":[96],"usability.":[97],"Our":[98],"results":[99],"suggest":[100],"that":[101],"studied":[103],"exhibit":[106],"high":[107],"usability":[108],"unlike":[110],"other":[111],"known":[112],"offer":[114],"some":[115],"resistance":[116],"but":[120],"they":[121],"also":[123],"vulnerable":[124],"our":[126],"novel":[127],"dictionary-based":[128],"attack.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}